REFERENCES
3. Lingner J, Cooper JP, Cech TR. Telomerase and DNA end replication - no longer a lagging-strand problem? Science 1995;269:1533-4.
4. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL, Coviello GM, Wright WE, Weinrich SL, Shay JW. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 1994;266:2011-5.
5. Fogarty PF, Yamaguchi H, Wiestner A, Baerlocher GM, Sloand E, Zeng WS, Read EJ, Lansdorp PM, Young NS. Late presentation of dyskeratosis congenita as apparently acquired aplastic anaemia due to mutations in telomerase RNA. Lancet 2003;362:1628-30.
6. Armanios MY, Chen JJ, Cogan JD, Alder JK, Ingersoll RG, Markin C, Lawson WE, Xie MY, Vulto I, Phillips JA 3rd, Lansdorp PM, Greider CW, Loyd JE. Telomerase mutations in families with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1317-26.
7. Vulliamy TJ, Marrone A, Knight SW, Walne A, Mason PJ, Dokal I. Mutations in dyskeratosis congenita: their impact on telomere length and the diversity of clinical presentation. Blood 2006;107:2680-5.
8. Tsukuma H, Tanaka H, Ajiki W, Oshima A. Liver cancer and its prevention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2005;6:244-50.
9. Ding D, Lou X, Hua D, Yu W, Li L, Wang J, Gao F, Zhao N, Ren G, Li L, Lin B. Recurrent targeted genes of hepatitis B virus in the liver cancer genomes identified by a next-generation sequencing-based approach. PLoS Genet 2012;8:e1003065.
12. Carulli L, Anzivino C. Telomere and telomerase in chronic liver disease and hepatocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:6287-92.
13. Satyanarayana A, Manns MP, Rudolph KL. Telomeres and telomerase: a dual role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2004;40:276-83.
14. Quaas A, Oldopp T, Tharun L, Klingenfeld C, Krech T, Sauter G, Grob TJ. Frequency of TERT promoter mutations in primary tumors of the liver. Virchows Arch 2014;465:673-7.
15. Fujimoto A, Totoki Y, Abe T, Boroevich KA, Hosoda F, Nguyen HH, Aoki M, Hosono N, Kubo M, Miya F, Arai Y, Takahashi H, Shirakihara T, Nagasaki M, Shibuya T, Nakano K, Watanabe-Makino K, Tanaka H, Nakamura H, Kusuda J, Ojima H, Shimada K, Okusaka T, Ueno M, Shigekawa Y, Kawakami Y, Arihiro K, Ohdan H, Gotoh K, Ishikawa O, Ariizumi S, Yamamoto M, Yamada T, Chayama K, Kosuge T, Yamaue H, Kamatani N, Miyano S, Nakagama H, Nakamura Y, Tsunoda T, Shibata T, Nakagawa H. Whole-genome sequencing of liver cancers identifies etiological influences on mutation patterns and recurrent mutations in chromatin regulators. Nat Genet 2012;44:760-4.
16. Hartmann D, Srivastava U, Thaler M, Kleinhans KN, N'kontchou G, Scheffold A, Bauer K, Kratzer RF, Kloos N, Katz SF, Song Z, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Kleger A, von Figura G, Strnad P, Lechel A, Günes C, Potthoff A, Deterding K, Wedemeyer H, Ju Z, Song G, Xiao F, Gillen S, Schrezenmeier H, Mertens T, Ziol M, Friess H, Jarek M, Manns MP, Beaugrand M, Rudolph KL. Telomerase gene mutations are associated with cirrhosis formation. Hepatology 2011;53:1608-17.
17. Buseman CM. , Wright WE, Shay JW. Is telomerase a viable target in cancer? Mutat Res 2012;730:90-7.
18. Shippen-Lentz D, Blackburn EH. Functional evidence for an rna template in telomerase. Science 1990;247:546-52.
19. Weinrich SL, Pruzan R, Ma L, Ouellette M, Tesmer VM, Holt SE, Bodnar AG, Lichtsteiner S, Kim NW, Trager JB, Taylor RD, Carlos R, Andrews WH, Wright WE, Shay JW, Harley CB, Morin GB. Reconstitution of human telomerase with the template RNA component hTR and the catalytic protein subunit hTRT. Nat Genet 1997;17:498-502.
20. Nakamura TM, Morin GB, Chapman KB, Weinrich SL, Andrews WH, Lingner J, Harley CB, Cech TR. Telomerase catalytic subunit homologs from fission yeast and human. Science 1997;277:955-9.
21. Yu RM, Chen EX, Kong RY, Ng PK, Mok HO, Au DW. Hypoxia induces telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene expression in non-tumor fish tissues in vivo: the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) model. BMC Mol Biol 2006;7:27.
22. Gillis AJ, Schuller AP, Skordalakes E. Structure of the tribolium castaneum telomerase catalytic subunit TERT. Nature 2008;455:633-47.
23. Huang J, Brown AF, Wu J, Xue J, Bley CJ, Rand DP, Wu LJ, Zhang RG, Chen JJ, Lei M. Structural basis for protein-RNA recognition in telomerase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014;21:507-12.
24. Qi X, Xie M, Brown AF, Bley CJ, Podlevsky JD, Chen JJ. RNA/DNA hybrid binding affinity determines telomerase template-translocation efficiency. EMBO J 2012;31:150-61.
25. Parks JW, Stone MD. Coordinated DNA dynamics during the human telomerase catalytic cycle. Nat Commun 2014;5:4146.
26. Theimer CA, Jády BE, Chim N, Richard P, Breece KE, Kiss T, Feigon J. Structural and functional characterization of human telomerase RNA processing and cajal body localization signals. Mol Cell 2007;27:869-81.
27. Cristofari G, Adolf E, Reichenbach P, Sikora K, Terns RM, Terns MP, Lingner J. Human telomerase RNA accumulation in Cajal bodies facilitates telomerase recruitment to telomeres and telomere elongation. Mol Cell 2007;27:882-9.
28. Robart AR, Collins K. Investigation of human telomerase holoenzyme assembly, activity, and processivity using disease-linked subunit variants. J Biol Chem 2010;285:4375-86.
29. Podlevsky JD, Bley CJ, Omana RV, Qi X, Chen JJ. The telomerase database. Nucleic Acids Res 2008;36:D339-43.
30. Alder JK, Cogan JD, Brown AF, Anderson CJ, Lawson WE, Lansdorp PM, Phillips JA 3rd, Loyd JE, Chen JJ, Armanios M. Ancestral mutation in telomerase causes defects in repeat addition processivity and manifests as familial pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS Genet 2011;7:e1001352.
33. Vulliamy T, Marrone A, Dokal I, Mason PJ. Association between aplastic anaemia and mutations in telomerase RNA. Lancet 2002;359:2168-70.
34. Hoare M, Das T, Alexander G. Ageing, telomeres, senescence, and liver injury. J Hepatol 2010;53:950-61.
35. Podlevsky JD, Chen JJ. It all comes together at the ends: telomerase structure, function, and biogenesis. Mutat Res 2012;730:3-11.
36. Carulli L. Telomere shortening as genetic risk factor of liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:379-83.
37. Wiemann SU, Satyanarayana A, Tsahuridu M, Tillmann HL, Zender L, Klempnauer J, Flemming P, Franco S, Blasco MA, Manns MP, Rudolph KL. Hepatocyte telomere shortening and senescence are general markers of human liver cirrhosis. FASEB J 2002;16:935-42.
38. Kitada T, Seki S, Kawakita N, Kuroki T, Monna T. Telomere shortening in chronic liver-diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;211:33-9.
39. Liu B, Zhang JL, Huang C, Liu H. Dyskerin overexpression in human hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with advanced clinical stage and poor patient prognosis. PLoS One 2012;7:e43147.
40. Mizuno H, Honda M, Shirasaki T, Yamashita T, Yamashita T, Mizukoshi E, Kaneko S. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 in association with hTERT is a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2012;32:1146-55.
41. Lechel A, Holstege H, Begus Y, Schienke A, Kamino K, Lehmann U, Kubicka S, Schirmacher P, Jonkers J, Rudolph KL. Telomerase deletion limits progression of p53-mutant hepatocellular carcinoma with short telomeres in chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 2007;132:1465-75.
42. Farazi PA, Glickman J, Jiang S, Yu A, Rudolph KL, DePinho RA. Differential impact of telomere dysfunction on initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003;63:5021-7.
43. Huang DS, Wang Z, He XJ, Diplas BH, Yang R, Killela PJ, Meng Q, Ye ZY, Wang W, Jiang XT, Xu L, He XL, Zhao ZS, Xu WJ, Wang HJ, Ma YY, Xia YJ, Li L, Zhang RX, Jin T, Zhao ZK, Xu J, Yu S, Wu F, Liang J, Wang S, Jiao Y, Yan H, Tao HQ. Recurrent TERT promoter mutations identified in a large-scale study of multiple tumour types are associated with increased TERT expression and telomerase activation. Eur J Cancer 2015;51:969-76.
44. Quaas A, Oldopp T, Tharun L, Klingenfeld C, Krech T, Sauter G, Grob TJ. Frequency of TERT promoter mutations in primary tumors of the liver. Virchows Arch 2014;465:673-7.
45. Nagao K, Tomimatsu M, Endo H, Hisatomi H, Hikiji K. Telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA expression and telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 1999;34:83-7.
46. Shimojima M, Komine F, Hisatomi H, Shimizu T, Moriyama M, Arakawa Y. (2004) Detection of telomerase activity, telomerase RNA component, and telomerase reverse transcriptase in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2004;29:31-8.
47. Cevik D, Yildiz G, Ozturk M. Common telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas from different geographical locations. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:311-7.
48. Valenti L, Dongiovanni P, Maggioni M, Motta BM, Rametta R, Milano M, Fargion S, Reggiani P, Fracanzani AL. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient with a novel telomerase mutation and steatosis. J Hepatol 2013;58:399-401.
49. Dikmen ZG, Gellert GC, Jackson S, Gryaznov S, Tressler R, Dogan P, Wright WE, Shay JW. In vivo inhibition of lung cancer by GRN163L: a novel human telomerase inhibitor. Cancer Res 2005;65:7866-73.
50. Burchett KM, Yan Y, Ouellette MM. Telomerase inhibitor Imetelstat (GRN163L) limits the lifespan of human pancreatic cancer cells. PloS One 2014;9:e85155.
51. Molckovsky A, Siu LL. First-in-class, first-in-human phase I results of targeted agents: highlights of the 2008 American society of clinical oncology meeting. J Hematol Oncol 2008;1:20.
52. Parsch D, Brassat U, Brümmendorf TH, Fellenberg J. Consequences of telomerase inhibition by BIBR1532 on proliferation and chemosensitivity of chondrosarcoma cell lines. Cancer Invest 2008;26:590-6.
53. Bryan C, Rice C, Hoffman H, Harkisheimer M, Sweeney M, Skordalakes E. Structural basis of telomerase inhibition by the highly specific BIBR1532. Structure 2015;23:1934-42.
54. Kellermann G, Kaiser M, Dingli F, Lahuna O, Naud-Martin D, Mahuteau-Betzer F, Loew D, Ségal-Bendirdjian E, Teulade-Fichou MP, Bombard S. Identification of human telomerase assembly inhibitors enabled by a novel method to produce hTERT. Nucleic Acids Res 2015;43:e99.
55. Chen ZF, Qin QP, Qin JL, Zhou J, Li YL, Li N, Liu YC, Liang H. Water-soluble ruthenium(II) complexes with chiral 4-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-formamide oxoaporphine (FOA): in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity by stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA, inhibition of telomerase activity, and induction of tumor cell apoptosis. J Med Chem 2015;58:4771-89.
56. Wei C, Ren L, Gao N. Interactions of terpyridines and their Pt(II) complexes with G-quadruplex DNAs and telomerase inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2013;57:1-8.
57. Staff C, Mozaffari F, Frodin JE, Mellstedt H, Liljefors M. Telomerase (GV1001) vaccination together with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. Int J Oncol 2014;45:1293-303.
58. Kotsakis A, Papadimitraki E, Vetsika EK, Aggouraki D, Dermitzaki EK, Hatzidaki D, Kentepozidis N, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V. A phase II trial evaluating the clinical and immunologic response of HLA-A2(+) non-small cell lung cancer patients vaccinated with an hTERT cryptic peptide. Lung Cancer 2014;86:59-66.
59. Mizukoshi E, Nakagawa H, Kitahara M, Yamashita T, Arai K, Sunagozaka H, Fushimi K, Kobayashi E, Kishi H, Muraguchi A, Kaneko S. Immunological features of T cells induced by human telomerase reverse transcriptase-derived peptides in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015;364:98-105.