REFERENCES
1. Food and Agricultural Organization. Food Nutrition and Agriculture. Food for the Future. Rome: FAO; 1991.
2. Castegnaro M, Dcgregor D. Carcinogenic risk assessment of mycotoxins. Rev Med Vet 1998;149:671-8.
3. Richard JL. Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses - an overview. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;119:3-10.
5. World Health Organization. Basic Food Safety for Health Workers. Geneva: WHO; 1999.
6. MERCK (Medical Research Council). Aflatoxin in peanut butter. Science in Africa. Darmstadt: MERCK; 2006.
7. Wagacha JM, Muthomi JW. Mycotoxin problem in Africa: current status, implications to food safety and health and possible management strategies. Int J Food Microbiol 2008;124:1-12.
8. World Health Organization. Mycotoxins in African foods: implications to food safety and health. AFRO Food Safety Newsletter. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
9. van Egmond HP. Mycotoxins: regulations, quality assurance and reference materials. Food Addit Contam 1995;12:321-30.
10. Müller G, Burkert B, Möller U, Diller R, Rohrmann B, Rosoner H, Köhler H. Ochratoxin A and some of its derivatives modulate radical formation of porcine blood monocytes and granulocytes. Toxicology 2004;199:251-9.
11. El-Nekeety AA, El-Kholy W, Abbas NF, Ebaid A, Amra HA, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Efficacy of royal jelly against the oxidative stress of fumonisin in rats. Toxicon 2007;50:256-69.
12. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Hassan NS, El-Kady AA, Mohamed YA, El-Nekeety AA, Mohamed SR, Sharaf HA, Mannaa FA. Red ginseng protects against aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin-induced hepatic pre-cancerous lesions in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:733-42.
13. Hassan AM, Hassan NS, Mohamed SR, El-Nekeety AA, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Aquilegia vulgaris L extract counteracts oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of fumonisin in rats. Toxicon 2010;56:8-18.
14. Hassan AM, Abdel-Aziem SH, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Modulation of DNA damage and alteration of gene expression during aflatoxicosis via dietary supplementation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) and whey protein concentrate. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 2012;79:294-300.
15. Abdel-Aziem SH, El-Nekeety AA, Barakat IA, Mohamed IM, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Aquilegia vulgaris extract protects against the oxidative stress and the mutagenic effects of cadmium. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2011;63:337-44.
16. Abdel-Aziem SH, Hassan AM, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Dietary supplementation with whey protein and ginseng extract counteract the oxidative stress and DNA damage in rats fed aflatoxins-contaminated diet. Mutat Res 2011;723:65-71.
17. van der Walt AM, Ibrahim MI, Bezuidenhout C, Loots DT. Linolenic acid and folate in wild-growing African dark leafy vegetables (morogo). Public Health Nutr 2008;12:525-30.
18. van der Walt AM, Loots DT, Ibrahim MI, Bezuidenhout C. Minerals, trace elements and antioxidant phytochemicals in wild African dark-green leafy vegetables (morogo). South Afric J Sci 2009;105:444-8.
19. Gari JA. Plant Diversity, Sustainable Livelihoods and the HIV/AIDS Crisis. A Joint Publication of the United Nations Development Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization; 2004. Available from: http://www.hivpolicy.org/Library/HPP000946.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 Sep 16].
20. Kähkönen MP, Hopia AI, Vurela HJ, Rauha J, Pihlaja K, Kujala T, Heinonen M. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 1999;47:3954-62.
21. Edwards EJ, Saint RE, Cobb AH. Is there a link between greening and light enhanced glycoalkaloid accumulation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers? J Food Sci Agric 1998;76:327-33.
22. Lakshiminarayana R, Raju R, Krishnakantha TP, Baskare V. Determination of major carotenoids in a few Indian leafy vegetables by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:2838-42.
23. de Ancos B, Gonzalez E, Cano MP. Effect of high-pressure treatment on the carotenoid composition and radical scavenging activity of persimmon fruit purees. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:3542-8.
24. Barton-Wright EC. Practical Methods for the Microbiological Assay of the Vitamin B-complex and Amino Acids. London: United Trade Press; 1961.
25. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Folic acid. In: Official Methods of Analysis. 16th ed. Washington, DC: AOAC; 1999.
26. Nie M, Blankenship AL, Giesy JP. Interactions between aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and hypoxia signalling pathways. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2001;10:17-27.
27. Vistica DT, Skehan P, Scudiero D, Monks A, Pittman A, Boyd MR. Tetrazolium-based assays for cellular viability-a critical-examination of selected parameters affecting formazan production. Cancer Res 1991;51:2515-20.
28. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976;72:248-54.
29. Atienzar FA, Jha AN. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and related techniques alied to genotoxicity and carcinogenesis studies: A critical review. Mutat Res 2006;613:76-102.
30. Waller RA, Duncan DB. A Bayes rule for the symmetric multiple comparison problems. J Am Stat Assoc 1969;64:1484-503.
31. Duthie GG, Duthie SJ, Kyle JAM. Plant polyphenols in cancer and heart disease: implications as nutritional antioxidants. Nutr Res Rev 2000;13:79-106.
32. Puoane T, Steyn K, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Fourie J, Lambert V, Mbananga N. Obesity in South Africa: the South African demographic and health survey. Obes Res 2002;10:1038-48.
33. Pandjaitan N, Howard LR, Morelock T, Gil MI. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of spinach as affected by genetics and maturation. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:8618-23.
34. Lako J, Trenerry VC, Wahlqvist M, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Sotheeswaran S, Premier R. Phytochemical flavonols, carotenoids and the antioxidant properties of a wide selection of Fijihan fruit, vegetables and other readily available foods. Food Chem 2007;101:1727-41.
35. Bergquist S. Bioactive compounds in baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L)- effects of pre- and postharvest factors. Ph.D. Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden; 2006.
36. de Pee S, Bloem MW. The bioavailability of (pro) vitamin A carotenoids and maximizing the contribution of homestead food production to combating vitamin A deficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2007;77:182-92.
37. Weathersa.co.za.Pretoria, South Africa: South African Weather Service. Available from: http://www.weathersa.co.za. [Last accessed on 2006 Sep].
38. Borek C. Cancer prevention by natural dietary antioxidants in developing countries. In: Bahorun T, Gurib-Fakim A, editors. Molecular and Therapeutic Aspects of Redox Biochemistry. London: OICA International (U.K.) Limited; 2003:259-69.
39. Van Duyn MA, Pivonka E. Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional: selected literature. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:1511-21.
40. Mnkeni AP, Masika P, Maphaha M. Nutritional quality of vegetable and seed from different accessions of Amaranthus in South Africa. Water SA 2007;33:377-80.
41. Modi AT. Growth temperature and plant age influence on nutritional quality of Amaranthus leaves and seed germination capacity. Water SA 2007;33:369-375.
42. Odhav B, Beekrum S, Akula U, Baijnat H. Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of traditional vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Food Comp Anal 2007;20:430-5.
43. Galvano F, Piva A, Ritieni A, Galvano G. Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: a review. J Food Prot 2001;64:120-31.
44. Riley RT, Wang E, Schroeder JJ, Smith ER, Plattner RD, Abbas H, Yoo HS, Merrill AH Jr. Evidence for disruption of sphingolipid metabolism as a contributing factor in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of fumonisins. Nat Toxins 1996;4:3-15.
45. Wang E, Ross PF, Wilson TM, Riley RT, Merrill AH Jr. Alternation of serum sphingolibds upon dietary exposure of ponies to fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme. J Nutr 1992;122:1706-16.
46. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Hassan AM, Amer HA, Naguib KM. Prevention of fumonisin-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats by certain plant extracts. J Appl Toxicol 2004;24:469-74.
47. Yoo H, Norred WP, Wang E, Merrill AH Jr, Riley RT. Sphingosine inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis and cytotoxicity are correlated in LLC-PK1 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992;114:9-15.
48. Abbas HK, Tanaka T, Shier WT. Biological activities of synthetic analogues of Alternaria alternate toxin (AAL-toxin) and fumonisin in plant and mammalian cell cultures. Phytochm 1995;40:1681-9.
49. Shier TW, Abbas HK, Mirocha CA. Toxicity of the mycotoxins fumonisin B1 and B2 and Alternaria alternate f. sp. Lycopersici toxin (AAL) in cultured mammalin cells. Mycopathologia 1991;116:97-104.
50. Singh KP, Roy D. Identification of novel breast tumor-specific mutation(s) in the q11.2 region of chromosome 17 by RAPD/AP-PCR fingerprinting. Gene 2001;269:33-43.
51. Bowditch BM, Albright DG, William JGK, Braun MJ. Use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers in comparative genome studies. Meth Enzymol 1993;224:294-309.
52. Pietrasanta LI, Smith BL, MacLeod MC. A novel approach for analyzing the structure of DNA modified by benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide at single-molecule resolution. Chem Res Toxicol 2000;13:351-5.
53. Mikhail FD, Jeanne C, Tatiana B, Koudriakova NG, Gerd PP. Quantitation and mapping of aflatoxin B1-induced DNA damage in genomic DNA using aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide and microsomal activation systems. Mut Res 1999;425:205-11.
54. Madden CR, Finegold MJ, Slagle BL. Altered DNA mutation spectrum in aflatoxin B1-treated transgenic mice that express the hepatitis B virus X protein. J Virol 2002;76:11770-4.
55. Lewis PD, Parry JM. In Silico p53 mutation hotspots in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2004;25:1099-107.
56. Jones C, Kortenkamp A. RAPD library fingerprinting of bacterial and human DNA applications in mutation detection. Carcinog Mutagen 2000;20:49-63.
57. Knasmüller S, Cavin C, Chakraborty A, Darroudi F, Majer BJ, Huber WW, Ehrlich VA. Structurally related mycotoxins ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, and citrinin differ in their genotoxic activities and in their mode of action in human-derived liver (HepG2) cells: implications for risk assessment. Nutr Cancer 2004;2:190-7.
58. Rizzo AF, Atroshi F, Ahotupa M, Sankari S, Elovaara E. Protective effect of antioxidants against free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation induced by DON or T-2 toxin. J Vet Med Assoc 1994;41:81-90.
59. Guerra MC, Galvano F, Bonsi L, Speroni E, Costa S, Renzulli C, Cervellati R. Cyaniding-3-0-β-glucopyranoside, a natural free-radical scavenger against aflatoxin B1-and ochratoxin A-induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line (hep G2) and a human colonic cell line (CaCo-2). Brit J Nutr 2005;94:211-20.
60. Zeashan H, Amresh G, Singh S, Rao CV. Hepatoprotective activity of Amaranthusspinosus in experimental animals. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:3417-21.