Microwave coagulation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma
Abstract
Microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) is a relatively new method of tumor ablation compared to other minimally invasive local therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is a thermal ablation modality based on the application of heat, potentially leading to larger ablation zones. In recent years, there is a steady increase in the application of this modality to the treatment of HCC because it offers several advantages in the management of tumors larger than 3 cm in diameter. This article reviews the advances in MCT for the treatment of HCC in recent years including its brief history, basic principles, main technical parameters, safety issues, current status in clinical application, limitations, and future perspectives.
Keywords
Introduction
Microwave is an ultra-short and high-frequency electromagnetic wave with a wavelength range between 1 and 1,000 mm, and a frequency range between 300 and 300,000 MHz.[1,2] The most common frequencies of microwave used medically are 2,450, 915, and 433 MHz.[3,4] Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common tumor with a dismal prognosis and development of novel therapies were needed for improving the treatment of this disease.[5] Microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) is a relatively novel method of tumor ablation compared with other minimally invasive local therapies for HCC such as high-intensity focused ultrasound, irreversible electroporation, laparoscopic liver resection, percutaneous ethanol injection, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and sterotactic body radiation therapy.[6] This treatment method offers an easy-to-perform alternative option either in a percutaneous, laparoscopic, or open surgical procedure.[7,8] In recent years, MCT has attracted increasing interests from clinicians for the treatment of HCC because this method provides the advantages of minimal invasiveness and safety in humans.[9]
This paper reviews the advances in using MCT for the treatment of HCC in recent years, with emphasis on the basic principles, and perspectives of this treatment modality for future research.
Brief history
In the late 1970s, some surgeons began to use microwave coagulation for the purpose of intra-operational hemostasis and tissue cutting when they found that as soon as the temperature in the target area exceeded 60 °C, the heat would cause tissue solidification, followed by cellular death.[10] In 1988, the first experiment of microwave coagulation for tumor inactivation was conducted successfully in the Second Department of Surgery, Kurume University Hospital in Fukuoka City, Japan.[11] Soon, successful use of microwave coagulation was reported throughout Japan, with large patient cohorts, multiple heating sessions, treating tumors with larger diameters, combination use with other ablation modalities, and review and management of side-effects.[12] A recent study reported the long-term efficacy results of surgical MCT for the treatment of 60 cases of unresectable HCC in the Kyushu Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka, Japan. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 93.9%, 53.8%, and 43.1%, respectively, almost the same as the results of palliative surgical resection.[13] In April 1996, MCT was included in the coverage list of Japanese Medical Insurance, which contributed to the advancement in the research on MCT for the treatment of HCC in Japan.[14]
In the 1990s, MCT was gradually accepted in other regions of the world for the treatment of HCC.[8]
Basic principles
The fundamental principle of MCT is based on the facts that tumor tissues are more sensitive to heat than the adjacent normal tissues, and that microwave heat can be controllably delivered to the tumor tissues.[15] Compared with normal tissue, tumor tissues have low blood flow and extra-cellular pH value, as proven by experiments showing that the blood flow volume in murine HCC tissue is only 5% of that in normal liver tissue.[16] When a tumor is irradiated with microwave energy, the heat will make the blood flow stagnant at the local area.[17] When the temperature in tumor tissue goes up to 42-45 °C, the blood flow in the tumor stops, cancer cells become anoxic, mitochondria in cancer cells show vacuolation, resulting in the cessation of intracellular respiration, apoptosis, heat fixation and death of cells.[12,18,19]
When the local temperature reaches 60 °C and above, tumor tissues will be immediately coagulated and damaged by the effects of thermal treatment.[20] A controllable temperature range of 60-120 °C can be presented rapidly to the target area by the treatment system.[21] During the procedure of MCT, a specially made needle is initially inserted into the center of tumor. The tip of the needle contains a point acting as an emission antenna.[22] The system includes an electric device that produces microwave energy forming a magnetic field around the point of the antenna.[23] The magnetic field makes nearby molecules spin and vibrate in very high velocity with resultant hyperthermia in the local area.[24,25] This is called the thermal effect of microwave antenna radiation.[26] Because energy density is very high in the area, protein will be coagulated by the heat swiftly in the contacted tissues leading to immediate degenerative necrosis of local tissue which can be better evaluated using histochemical method.[27] MCT is non-carbonizing, non-spattering, minimally invasive, and wound controllable.[28] With these advantages, this method is now widely used in coagulation therapies including dermatology, gynecology, stomatology, and otorhinolaryngology.[29,30]
Cool-tip microwave therapy apparatus incorporates a microcomputer which automatically operates the system.[31] Electrical resistance, current, and power of the system are regulated automatically during the entire course of treatment.[32] The technique of cool recycling solved the problems of inappropriately high temperature in the rod antenna and a limited coagulation area that the conventional microwave systems had.[4] The new systems enhanced the operational safety, expanded therapeutic indications, improved the patients’ quality-of-life and post-operational survival.[17,33]
MCT for treatment of tumors is now being investigated its potential to enhance host resistance to malignancies. This was resulted from reports of incidental observations showing spontaneous regression of remote metastasis after thermal ablation.[34] On one hand, microwave coagulation results in irreversible coagulation necrosis of tumor cells through the thermal effect;[35] on the other hand, the coagulated tumor tissue that retained in the body will stimulate the host to enhance its systemic immunity against cancer with consequent resistance to viable allogenic and heterogenic cancer cells.[36] Animal experiments demonstrated that in mice model of H22 implanted advanced HCC, intra-tumoral CD8+ cells increased remarkably in the MCT group compared to that in the surgery alone group. This provided supporting evidence for the immune enhancement by the coagulated tumor tissue that retained in the local area.[37,38] Studies showed that the local density of lymphocytes infiltration is closely related to the prognosis of patients with some cancer, that is, a higher density of intra-tumoral and peri-tumoral lymphocytes infiltration, like CD8+, is predictive of a better patient outcome.[39]
Equipment
Microwave ablation system
At present, the MCT systems with water-cool shaft or antenna are more commonly used in the clinic for the treatment of HCC.[4,25] All systems are equipped with flexible low-loss power cables and a surface coating microwave antenna of 15 gauge.[7,40] The tip of the needle-like antenna is not insulated and is exposed to the tissue to be ablated.[7] Electromagnetic microwaves are emitted by the microwave generator and will stimulate the water molecules in the neighboring tissue to induce heat and abrasion, resulting in coagulation necrosis of tissue.[12,19]
The technique of cool recycling makes the temperature in the antenna shaft below 37 °C to avoid pain at the puncture site of the patient undergoing MCT.[41] Coagulation temperature in the ablation area is precisely controlled by monitoring devices.[25] Two modes of thermometry are used simultaneously during the procedure. Thermometers are installed both in and outside the rod antenna. A warning temperature is set by the operator to ensure safety of the patient.[42]
For ablation of larger tumors, two to three microwave antenna needles can be used at the same time to produce maximum coagulation area.[43] Simultaneous use of two antenna needles could not be simply regarded as a linear superposition of two solitary thermal fields, because the interaction between two thermal fields constitutes a spherical coagulation area that is significantly greater than the coagulation area when two needles are used separately with the same power and time period.[44] The mode of impulse transmission enhances the depth of microwave penetration and contributes to the increase in coagulation area and the decrease in tissue carbonization.[45]
Parameters
Most systems use 2,450 MHz as the working frequency for tumor destruction.[4,12] For MCT, the higher the frequency, the more powerful the instant energy, but the weaker the penetrating power.[46] Thus the 2,450 MHz microwave is usually used for MCT because of the advantage of its powerful instant energy, while the 915 and 433 MHz microwaves with strong penetration are used for thermotherapy of other diseases.[3,4] The novel dual-band systems have two working frequencies including 2,450 and 915 MHz.[47] The 915 MHz microwave creates a remarkably larger area of ablation and is suitable for one-time ablation of large tumors in situ because this frequency produces double depth of penetration in tissues compared with that produced by the 2450 MHz microwave.[48] The output power for ablation is usually set at 40-80 W.[4] Microwave with high power and high frequency (135 W, 2.45 GHz) has been used in animal study for producing large ablation areas in short time periods.[28] Power and time period for coagulation are determined on the basis of tumor size.[9] With tumor sizes ranging from 3 to 5 cm in diameter, microwave power for ablation is set at 50-60 W for 5-15 min;[4] with tumors over 5 cm in diameter, two needles are used simultaneously.[25]
Image guidance modalities
MCT for the treatment of HCC can be used in open surgery procedure or in a percutaneous approach.[7] Surgical use of MCT for HCC is performed under the monitor of direct visualization or image guidance modalities such as ultrasound type B.[13] After verification of the tumor dimensions, the rod antenna is inserted into the tumor for coagulation.[17]
When a percutaneous approach is taken, there are more choices regarding image guidance modalities including ultrasound, X-ray fluoroscopy, computer tomography, and magnetic resonance image (MRI).[48] Among them, ultrasound and MRI offer radiation-free alternatives to image guidance, and MRI provides high-resolution and multi-planar images.[49] However, MRI-compatible microwave electrodes and accessories must be prepared.[50]
Current status in clinics
Cool-tip MCT for the treatment of HCC has several beneficial characteristics in clinical application, as well as microwave systems with an electrode with saline passing through and injected continuously into the target area.[51] Direct puncture of lesions makes the operational procedure relatively simple and easy.[17]
General anesthesia is necessary in a surgical MCT procedure, while in a percutaneous approach local anesthesia is commonly used with venous analgesics such as pethidine and sedatives as additional pain-killers.[52] Under the guidance of a selected image modality, the tumor is localized, and the needle is directly inserted into the tumor with the needle tip placed at a calculated point.[11] The ablated area is assessed through real-time images to find tumor tissues that are still viable.[40] Repeated ablation procedures are performed to ensure no viable tumor tissue remained at the site.[53]
MCT is different from RFA which has a longer history and has acquired a broad acceptance as a first-line treatment option for early HCC.[54] However, RFA has the limitations associated with treating large tumors and tumors at high-risk locations.[22] MCT has the advantage of treating larger tumors and is regarded as a valuable alternative to RFA. Compared with other available modalities and devices for thermal ablation, MCT offers the advantages of greater volume of tumor ablation, consistently greater temperatures in the ablation area, better analysis of heat transfer, and shorter ablation sessions.[7]
A recent single center study reported the treatment outcome of MCT for treatment of 719 consecutive HCC patients in more than 15 years. The 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year overall survival rates of all 719 patients were 97.7%, 79.8%, 62.1%, 45.3%, and 34.1%, respectively. One third of the patients had Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis, and a portion of them had multiple tumors. Compared with another group of 34 patients treated with hepatic resection during the same period, no significant difference was found in overall survival, disease -free survival or local recurrence rates between the two groups. Based on the results of this study, the researchers proposed that MCT should be considered as one of the first options for the treatment of HCC.[55]
Adverse effects
The adverse effects of MCT for the treatment of HCC are various and can be divided into mild, moderate, and severe categories.[9] Mild adverse effects include slight local pain at the puncture site, sensation of heat, bodily uneasiness felt during the coagulation process, and slightly abnormal results from a blood test such as mild elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatine levels.[12] Post-ablation syndrome can be mild to moderate, and is characterized by fever, chills, malaise, local pain, and nausea.[56] Moderate adverse effects comprise bacterial infection, diaphragmatic muscle injury, skin burns, tumor implantation in needle pass, pleuritis, hydrothorax, hemothorax, continuous discharge of necrotic tissue, local implantation of tumor cells, and hematoma under the hepatic capsule.[57,58]
However, severe adverse effects happen occasionally during and after the procedures of MCT, such as anesthetic accident, colonic leakage, severe arrhythmia, damage to the biliary tract, abdominal bleeding, diaphragm injury, acute renal failure, generalized intraperitoneal seeding of HCC and serious infection.[59-63] Severe adverse effects can be fatal and need emergency treatment to save the patient.[63]
The rate of side effects do not differ significantly from other interventions, but significantly more treatment sessions are needed with percutaneous microwave coagulation to achieve complete tumor ablation, which theoretically increases the risk of potential side-effects.[62] Most adverse effects can be controlled with timely and careful management. Safety precautions must be taken to avoid or reduce the occurrence of adverse effects including cautious indication selection, well-designed puncture route, appropriate extent of coagulation, and sufficient peri-operational management.[59,61]
Limitations and perspectives
It is now proven that MCT is a safe and effective method for the treatment of HCC and the condition of spontaneous rupture of HCC tumors.[64] With the advancement of techniques and equipment for clinical application of microwave, MCT will be promoted more widely and used more extensively than before, through the approaches of laparoscopy or image-guided percutaneous puncture.[20] Regrettably, intra-hepatic recurrence of HCC is common because MCT is indicated as a substitute for surgical resection for patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.[53] Nevertheless, MCT can be readily repeated when there is recurrence of HCC.[53] Overall, MCT is great for cost-effectiveness compared with other treatment for HCC such as sorafenib.[65]
The characteristic feature of MCT for the treatment of HCC is the conversion of energy by tumor tissue from microwave into heat with resultant coagulation necrosis of the tissue.[25,26] MCT will be more promoted because it not only effectively kills HCC cells, but also preserves normal liver tissue to a great extent.[59]
Image artifacts must be recognized and carefully distinguished from anatomical structure to ensure the accuracy of the location of the needle tip.[66] Some issues will be further investigated such as the impact of MCT on systemic immunity of the HCC patient.[34] At present, there are very few reports on the association of MCT used in the treatment of HCC and its modification of patients’ systemic immunity. Further investigations into this topic are warranted.
Conclusion
Microwaves can produce very high temperatures in very short time intervals. MCT is increasingly used in the treatment of HCC because it offers several advantages such as greater efficacy, minimal invasiveness, easy conduction, wider indications, and less adverse effects compared to other invasive methods. Overall, MCT for the treatment of HCC is a very promising technique to further develop. Sufficient pre-operative preparation, mastering the techniques of operation, and good collaboration between doctors, nurses, and patients are essential for enhancing therapeutic outcomes of HCC and reducing the incidence of side effects. Investigations should be done to determine the modulation by MCT of both innate and adaptive immunity. Although MCT is still in its infancy, it has great promise for future use, especially with further improvements in clinical implementation and technical developments.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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Guan, Y. S. Microwave coagulation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatoma. Res. 2015, 1, 159-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2394-5079.164648
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