fig2

Figure 2. Of the components of the RAS, only ACE2 has been demonstrated to inhibit the development and metastasis of ccRCC. In contrast, activation of the remaining RAS signaling pathways is believed to promote tumor progression and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanisms driving these effects remain incompletely understood. ↑: To increase; ↓: to decrease; RAS: renin-angiotensin system; ACE2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2; ccRCC: clear cell renal cell carcinoma; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; Ang II: angiotensin II; AT1R: Ang II type 1 receptorplc; Ang: angiotensin; MasR: Mas receptor; TIMP3: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3; AKT: a serine/threonine kinase; PLC: phospholipase C. This picture is drawn by ourselves and there is no copyright issue involved.