fig3
![The role of melatonin as an adjuvant therapeutic strategy in the modulation of carcinogenesis. A narrative review](https://image.oaes.cc/978d406c-3dfc-4b4b-9e48-677f068fe2e4/jcmt4005.fig.3.jpg)
Figure 3. Main characteristics of cancer cells. ↑: Activation; ↓: inhibition; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; ECM: extracellular matrix; MMP: metalloproteases; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.