fig1

Figure 1. The schematic figure of the principal cell signaling pathways assocated with the autophagic process. The process of autophagy pathway begins from the initiation step to the nucleation step, the elongation step, and to the formation of mature autophagosome which subsequently fuses with lysosome to perform the degradation process. The commonly activated pathways related to aberrant RTKs in GBM are also shown. Their roles to affect the individual steps of the autophagic process are indicated. RTKs: receptor tyrosine kinases; GBM: glioblastoma; HIF-1: hypoxia-inducible factor-1