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![A primer on recent developments in cancer immunotherapy, with a focus on neoantigen vaccines](https://image.oaes.cc/f90be132-bf27-4e79-b7e1-c5bb6f88750b/2355.fig.1.png)
Figure 1. T cell activation. CD8+ T cells inspect the surface of cells they encounter and are activated if a T cell receptor binds to a presented pMHC-I complex, leading to downstream processes including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine secretion. CD4+ T cells are similarly activated when binding pMHC-II complexes presented by professional APCs such as dendritic cells. A co-stimulating signal from CD28/CD80 (86) binding is required for full activation; its absence leads to T cell anergy. APC: antigen-presenting cell; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; TCR: T cell receptor