REFERENCES
1. Pietras K, Ostman A. Hallmarks of cancer: interactions with the tumor stroma. Exp Cell Res 2010;316:1324-31.
2. Klemm F, Joyce JA. Microenvironmental regulation of therapeutic response in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2015;25:198-213.
4. Baskar R, Dai J, Wenlong N, Yeo R, Yeoh KW. Biological response of cancer cells to radiation treatment. Front Mol Biosci 2014;17:1-24.
5. Druker BJ, David A. Karnofsky Award lecture. Imatinib as a paradigm of targeted therapies. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:239-45s.
8. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:252-64.
9. Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, Gonzalez R, Robert C, Schadendorf D, Hassel JC, Akerley W, van den Eertwegh AJ, Lutzky J, Lorigan P, Vaubel JM, Linette GP, Hogg D, Ottensmeier CH, Lebbé C, Peschel C, Quirt I, Clark JI, Wolchok JD, Weber JS, Tian J, Yellin MJ, Nichol GM, Hoos A, Urba WJ. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010;363:711-23.
10. Ohta A, Gorelik E, Prasad SJ, Ronchese F, Lukashev D, Wong MK, Huang X, Caldwell S, Liu K, Smith P, Chen JF, Jackson EK, Apasov S, Abrams S, Sitkovsky M. A2A adenosine receptor protects tumors from antitumor T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:13132-7.
11. Sitkovsky MV, Hatfield S, Abbott R, Belikoff B, Lukashev D, Ohta A. Hostile, hypoxia-A2-adenosinergic tumor biology as the next barrier to overcome for tumor immunologists. Cancer Immunol Res 2014;2:598-605.
12. Vaupel P, Mayer A. Hypoxia-driven adenosine accumulation: a crucial microenvironmental factor promoting tumor progression. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016;876:177-83.
13. Leone RD, Lo YC, Powell JD. A2aR antagonists: next generation checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015;13:265-72.
14. Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017;276:121-44.
15. Antonioli L, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Haskó G. CD39 and CD73 in immunity and inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2013;19:355-67.
16. Yegutkin GG. Enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides: functional implications and measurement of activities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014;49:473-97.
17. Fredholm BB, Ijzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J. International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2001;53:527-52.
18. Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K. Adenosine as a multi-signalling guardian angel in human diseases: when, where and how does it exert its protective effects? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016;37:419-34.
19. Sitaraman SV, Merlin D, Wang L, Wong M, Gewirtz AT, Si-Tahar M, Madara JL. Neutrophil-epithelial crosstalk at the intestinal lumenal surface mediated by reciprocal secretion of adenosine and IL-6. J Clin Invest 2001;107:861-9.
20. Lynge J, Schulte G, Nordsborg N, Fredholm BB, Hellsten Y. Adenosine A 2B receptors modulate cAMP levels and induce CREB but not ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;307:180-7.
21. Fang Y, Olah ME. Cyclic AMP-dependent, protein kinase A-independent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 following adenosine receptor stimulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: role of exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;322:1189-200.
22. Darashchonak N, Sarisin A, Kleppa MJ, Powers RW, von Versen-Höynck F. Activation of adenosine A2B receptor impairs properties of trophoblast cells and involves mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling. Placenta 2014;35:763-71.
23. Gao Z, Chen T, Weber MJ, Linden J. A2B adenosine and P2Y2 receptors stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. cross-talk between cyclic AMP and protein kinase c pathways. J Biol Chem 1999;274:5972-80.
24. Panjehpour M, Castro M, Klotz KN. Human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 expresses endogenous A2B adenosine receptors mediating a Ca2+ signal. Br J Pharmacol 2005;145:211-8.
25. Schulte G, Fredholm BB. Signalling from adenosine receptors to mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cell Signal 2003;15:813-27.
26. Fredholm BB. Adenosine, an endogenous distress signal, modulates tissue damage and repair. Cell Death Differ 2007;14:1315-23.
27. Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Pacher P, Haskó G. Immunity, inflammation and cancer: a leading role for adenosine. Nat Rev Cancer 2013;13:842-57.
28. Ohta A, Sitkovsky M. Role of G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors in downregulation of inflammation and protection from tissue damage. Nature 2001;414:916-20.
29. Haskó G, Linden J, Cronstein B, Pacher P. Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:759-70.
30. Morello S, Sorrentino R, Pinto A. Adenosine A2a receptor agonists as regulators of inflammation: pharmacology and therapeutic opportunities. J Receptor Ligand Channel Res 2009:211-7.
31. Ferrari D, Malavasi F, Antonioli L. A purinergic trail for metastases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017;38:277-90.
32. St. Hilaire C, Carroll SH, Chen H, Ravid K. Mechanisms of induction of adenosine receptor genes and its functional significance. J Cell Physiol 2009;218:35-44.
33. Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017;276:121-44.
34. Raskovalova T, Lokshin A, Huang X, Su Y, Mandic M, Zarour HM, Jackson EK, Gorelik E. Inhibition of cytokine production and cytotoxic activity of human antimelanoma specific CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes by adenosine-protein kinase A type I signaling. Cancer Res 2007;67:5949-56.
35. Zarek PE, Huang CT, Lutz ER, Kowalski J, Horton MR, Linden J, Drake CG, Powell JD. A2A receptor signaling promotes peripheral tolerance by inducing T-cell anergy and the generation of adaptive regulatory T cells. Blood 2008;111:251-9.
36. Lappas CM, Rieger JM, Linden J. A2A adenosine receptor induction inhibits IFN-gamma production in murine CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 2005;174:1073-80.
37. Sevigny CP, Li L, Awad AS, Huang L, McDuffie M, Linden J, Lobo PI, Okusa MD. Activation of adenosine A2A receptors attenuates allograft rejection and alloantigen recognition. J Immunol 2007;178:4240-9.
38. Panther E, Corinti S, Idzko M, Herouy Y, Napp M, la Sala A, Girolomoni G, Norgauer J. Adenosine affects expression of membrane molecules, cytokine and chemokine release, and the T-cell stimulatory capacity of human dendritic cells. Blood 2003;101:3985-90.
39. Cekic C, Day YJ, Sag D, Linden J. Myeloid expression of adenosine A2A receptor suppresses T and NK cell responses in the solid tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2014;74:7250-9.
40. Morello S, Pinto A, Blandizzi C, Antonioli L. Myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment: role of adenosine. Oncoimmunology 2015;5:e1108515.
41. Ohta A, Sitkovsky M. Extracellular adenosine-mediated modulation of regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2014;5:304.
42. Stagg J, Divisekera U, McLaughlin N, Sharkey J, Pommey S, Denoyer D, Dwyer KM, Smyth MJ. Anti-CD73 antibody therapy inhibits breast tumor growth and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:1547-52.
43. Jin D, Fan J, Wang L, Thompson LF, Liu A, Daniel BJ, Shin T, Curiel TJ, Zhang B. CD73 on tumor cells impairs antitumor T-cell responses: a novel mechanism of tumor-induced immune suppression. Cancer Res 2010;70:2245-55.
44. Wang L, Fan J, Thompson LF, Zhang Y, Shin T, Curiel TJ, Zhang B. CD73 has distinct roles in non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic cells to promote tumor growth in mice. J Clin Invest 2011;121:2371-82.
45. Forte G, Sorrentino R, Montinaro A, Luciano A, Adcock IM, Maiolino P, Arra C, Cicala C, Pinto A, Morello S. Inhibition of CD73 improves B cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in a mouse model of melanoma. J Immunol 2012;189:2226-33.
46. Loi S, Pommey S, Haibe-Kains B, Beavis PA, Darcy PK, Smyth MJ, Stagg J. CD73 promotes anthracycline resistance and poor prognosis in triple negative breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:11091-6.
47. Yegutkin GG, Marttila-Ichihara F, Karikoski M, Niemelä J, Laurila JP, Elima K, Jalkanen S, Salmi M. Altered purinergic signaling in CD73-deficient mice inhibits tumor progression. Eur J Immunol 2011;41:1231-41.
48. Quezada C, Garrido W, Oyarzún C, Fernández K, Segura R, Melo R, Casanello P, Sobrevia L, San Martín R. 5'-ectonucleotidase mediates multiple-drug resistance in glioblastoma multiforme cells. J Cell Physiol 2013;228:602-8.
49. Leclerc BG, Charlebois R, Chouinard G, Allard B, Pommey S, Saad F, Stagg J. CD73 expression is an independent prognostic factor in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:158-66.
50. Turcotte M, Spring K, Pommey S, Chouinard G, Cousineau I, George J, Chen GM, Gendoo DM, Haibe-Kains B, Karn T, Rahimi K, Le Page C, Provencher D, Mes-Masson AM, Stagg J. CD73 is associated with poor prognosis in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2015;75:4494-503.
51. Serra S, Horenstein AL, Vaisitti T, Brusa D, Rossi D, Laurenti L, D'Arena G, Coscia M, Tripodo C, Inghirami G, Robson SC, Gaidano G, Malavasi F, Deaglio S. CD73-generated extracellular adenosine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia creates local conditions counteracting drug-induced cell death. Blood 2011;118:6141-52.
52. Wennerberg E, Kawashima N, Demaria S. Adenosine regulates radiation therapy-induced anti-tumor immunity. J ImmunoTher Cancer 2015;3:378.
53. Allard B, Pommey S, Smyth MJ, Stagg J. Targeting CD73 enhances the antitumor activity of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 mAbs. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:5626-35.
54. Beavis PA, Divisekera U, Paget C, Chow MT, John LB, Devaud C, Dwyer K, Stagg J, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK. Blockade of A2A receptors potently suppresses the metastasis of CD73+ tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:14711-6.
55. Iannone R, Miele L, Maiolino P, Pinto A, Morello S. Adenosine limits the therapeutic effectiveness of anti-CTLA4 mAb in a mouse melanoma model. Am J Cancer Res 2014;4:172-81.
56. Mittal D, Young A, Stannard K, Yong M, Teng MW, Allard B, Stagg J, Smyth MJ. Antimetastatic effects of blocking PD-1 and the adenosine A2A receptor. Cancer Res 2014;74:3652-8.
57. Mittal D, Sinha D, Barkauskas D, Young A, Kalimutho M, Stannard K, Caramia F, Haibe-Kains B, Stagg J, Khanna KK, Loi S, Smyth MJ. Adenosine 2B receptor expression on cancer cells promotes metastasis. Cancer Res 2016;76:4372-82.
58. Bastid J, Cottalorda-Regairaz A, Alberici G, Bonnefoy N, Eliaou JF, Bensussan A. ENTPD1/CD39 is a promising therapeutic target in oncology. Oncogene 2013;32:1743-51.
59. Fishman P, Bar-Yehuda S, Ohana G, Barer F, Ochaion A, Erlanger A, Madi L. An agonist to the A3 adenosine receptor inhibits colon carcinoma growth in mice via modulation of GSK-3 beta and NF-kappa B. Oncogene 2004;23:2465-71.
60. Cohen S, Stemmer SM, Zozulya G, Ochaion A, Patoka R, Barer F, Bar-Yehuda S, Rath-Wolfson L, Jacobson KA, Fishman P. CF102 an A3 adenosine receptor agonist mediates anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects in the liver. J Cell Physiol 2011;226:2438-47.
61. Jajoo S, Mukherjea D, Watabe K, Ramkumar V. Adenosine A(3) receptor suppresses prostate cancer metastasis by inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity. Neoplasia 2009;11:1132-45.
62. Morello S, Sorrentino R, Montinaro A, Luciano A, Maiolino P, Ngkelo A, Arra C, Adcock IM, Pinto A. NK1.1 cells and CD8 T cells mediate the antitumor activity of Cl-IB-MECA in a mouse melanoma model. Neoplasia 2011;13:365-73.
63. Montinaro A, Forte G, Sorrentino R, Luciano A, Palma G, Arra C, Adcock IM, Pinto A, Morello S. Adoptive immunotherapy with Cl-IB-MECA-treated CD8+ T cells reduces melanoma growth in mice. PLoS One 2012;7:e45401.
64. Silverman MH, Strand V, Markovits D, Nahir M, Reitblat T, Molad Y, Rosner I, Rozenbaum M, Mader R, Adawi M, Caspi D, Tishler M, Langevitz P, Rubinow A, Friedman J, Green L, Tanay A, Ochaion A, Cohen S, Kerns WD, Cohn I, Fishman-Furman S, Farbstein M, Yehuda SB, Fishman P. Clinical evidence for utilization of the A3 adenosine receptor as a target to treat rheumatoid arthritis: data from a phase II clinical trial. J Rheumatol 2008;35:41-8.
65. Fishman P, Bar-Yehuda S, Liang BT, Jacobson KA. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of A3 adenosine receptor agonists. Drug Discov Today 2012;17:359-66.
66. Avni I, Garzozi HJ, Barequet IS, Segev F, Varssano D, Sartani G, Chetrit N, Bakshi E, Zadok D, Tomkins O, Litvin G, Jacobson KA, Fishman S, Harpaz Z, Farbstein M, Yehuda SB, Silverman MH, Kerns WD, Bristol DR, Cohn I, Fishman P. Treatment of dry eye syndrome with orally administered CF101: data from a phase 2 clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2010;117:1287-93.
67. David M, Gospodinov DK, Gheorghe N, Mateev GS, Rusinova MV, Hristakieva E, Solovastru LG, Patel RV, Giurcaneanu C, Hitova MC, Purcaru AI, Horia B, Tsingov II, Yankova RK, Kadurina MI, Ramon M, Rotaru M, Simionescu O, Benea V, Demerdjieva ZV, Cosgarea MR, Morariu HS, Michael Z, Cristodor P, Nica C, Silverman MH, Bristol DR, Harpaz Z, Farbstein M, Cohen S, Fishman P. Treatment of plaque-type psoriasis with oral CF101: data from a Phase II/III multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. J Drugs Dermatol 2016;15:931-8.
68. Yang D, Koupenova M, McCrann DJ, Kopeikina KJ, Kagan HM, Schreiber BM, Ravid K. The A2b adenosine receptor protects against vascular injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:792-6.
69. Sun CX, Zhong H, Mohsenin A, Morschl E, Chunn JL, Molina JG, Belardinelli L, Zeng D, Blackburn MR. Role of A2B adenosine receptor signaling in adenosine-dependent pulmonary inflammation and injury. J Clin Invest 2006;116:2173-82.
70. Eckle T, Faigle M, Grenz A, Laucher S, Thompson LF, Eltzschig HK. A2B adenosine receptor dampens hypoxia-induced vascular leak. Blood 2008;111:2024-35.
71. Grenz A, Osswald H, Eckle T, Yang D, Zhang H, Tran ZV, Klingel K, Ravid K, Eltzschig HK. The reno-vascular A2B adenosine receptor protects the kidney from ischemia. PLoS Med 2008;5:e137.
72. Ryzhov S, Novitskiy SV, Zaynagetdinov R, Goldstein AE, Carbone DP, Biaggioni I, Dikov MM, Feoktistov I. Host A(2B) adenosine receptors promote carcinoma growth. Neoplasia 2008;10:987-95.
73. Cagnina RE, Ramos SI, Marshall MA, Wang G, Frazier CR, Linden J. Adenosine A2B receptors are highly expressed on murine type II alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009;297:L467-74.
74. Yang D, Zhang Y, Nguyen HG, Koupenova M, Chauhan AK, Makitalo M, Jones MR, St Hilaire C, Seldin DC, Toselli P, Lamperti E, Schreiber BM, Gavras H, Wagner DD, Ravid K. The A2B adenosine receptor protects against inflammation and excessive vascular adhesion. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1913-23.
75. Casadó V, Casillas T, Mallol J, Canela EI, Lluis C, Franco R. The adenosine receptors present on the plasma membrane of chromaffin cells are of the A2b subtype. J Neurochem 1992;59:425-31.
76. Peakman MC, Hill SJ. Adenosine A2B-receptor-mediated cyclic AMP accumulation in primary rat astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 1994;111:191-8.
77. Corset V, Nguyen-Ba-Charvet KT, Forcet C, Moyse E, Chédotal A, Mehlen P. Netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth and cAMP production requires interaction with adenosine A2b receptor. Nature 2000;407:747-50.
78. Nishida K, Dohi Y, Yamanaka Y, Miyata A, Tsukamoto K, Yabu M, Ohishi A, Nagasawa K. Expression of adenosine A2b receptor in rat type II and III taste cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2014;141:499-506.
79. Hua X, Kovarova M, Chason KD, Nguyen M, Koller BH, Tilley SL. Enhanced mast cell activation in mice deficient in the A2b adenosine receptor. J Exp Med 2007;204:117-28.
80. Novitskiy SV, Ryzhov S, Zaynagetdinov R, Goldstein AE, Huang Y, Tikhomirov OY, Blackburn MR, Biaggioni I, Carbone DP, Feoktistov I, Dikov MM. Adenosine receptors in regulation of dendritic cell differentiation and function. Blood 2008;112:1822-31.
81. Mirabet M, Herrera C, Cordero OJ, Mallol J, Lluis C, Franco R. Expression of A2B adenosine receptors in human lymphocytes: their role in T cell activation. J Cell Sci 1999;112:491-502.
82. Fredholm BB, Irenius E, Kull B, Schulte G. Comparison of the potency of adenosine as an agonist at human adenosine receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2001;61:443-8. in Chinese
83. Eltzschig HK, Ibla JC, Furuta GT, Leonard MO, Jacobson KA, Enjyoji K, Robson SC, Colgan SP. Coordinated adenine nucleotide phosphohydrolysis and nucleoside signaling in posthypoxic endothelium: role of ectonucleotidases and adenosine A2B receptors. J Exp Med 2003;198:783-96.
84. Zhao P, Li XG, Yang M, Shao Q, Wang D, Liu S, Song H, Song B, Zhang Y, Qu X. Hypoxia suppresses the production of MMP-9 by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and requires activation of adenosine receptor A2b via cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Mol Immunol 2008;45:2187-95.
85. Feoktistov I, Ryzhov S, Zhong H, Goldstein AE, Matafonov A, Zeng D, Biaggioni I. Hypoxia modulates adenosine receptors in human endothelial and smooth muscle cells toward an A2B angiogenic phenotype. Hypertension 2004;44:649-54.
86. Zhong H, Belardinelli L, Maa T, Zeng D. Synergy between A2B adenosine receptors and hypoxia in activating human lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005;32:2-8.
87. Kong T, Westerman KA, Faigle M, Eltzschig HK, Colgan SP. HIF-dependent induction of adenosine A2B receptor in hypoxia. FASEB J 2006;20:2242-50.
88. Xaus J, Mirabet M, Lloberas J, Soler C, Lluis C, Franco R, Celada A. IFN-gamma up-regulates the A2B adenosine receptor expression in macrophages: a mechanism of macrophage deactivation. J Immunol 1999;162:3607-14.
89. Németh ZH, Leibovich SJ, Deitch EA, Vizi ES, Szabó C, Hasko G. cDNA microarray analysis reveals a nuclear factor-kappaB-independent regulation of macrophage function by adenosine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;306:1042-9.
90. St Hilaire C, Koupenova M, Carroll SH, Smith BD, Ravid K. TNF-alpha upregulates the A2B adenosine receptor gene: the role of NAD(P)H oxidase 4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;375:292-6.
91. Nguyen DK, Montesinos MC, Williams AJ, Kelly M, Cronstein BN. Th1 cytokines regulate adenosine receptors and their downstream signaling elements in human microvascular endothelial cells. J Immunol 2003;171:3991-8.
92. Schingnitz U, Hartmann K, Macmanus CF, Eckle T, Zug S, Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. Signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor dampens endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. J Immunol 2010;184:5271-9.
93. Kolachala VL, Wang L, Obertone TS, Prasad M, Yan Y, Dalmasso G, Gewirtz AT, Merlin D, Sitaraman SV. Adenosine 2B receptor expression is post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNA. J Biol Chem 2010;285:18184-90.
94. Nakatsukasa H, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Kojima S. Adenosine A2B receptor antagonist suppresses differentiation to regulatory T cells without suppressing activation of T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011;409:114-9.
95. Warabi M, Kitagawa M, Hirokawa K. Loss of MHC class II expression is associated with a decrease of tumor-infiltrating T cells and an increase of metastatic potential of colorectal cancer: immunohistological and histopathological analyses as compared with normal colonic mucosa and adenomas. Pathol Res Pract 2000;196:807-15.
96. Shi B, Vinyals A, Alia P, Broceno C, Chen F, Adrover M, Gelpi C, Price JE, Fabra A. Differential expression of MHC class II molecules in highly metastatic breast cancer cells is mediated by the regulation of the CIITA transcription Implication of CIITA in tumor and metastasis development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006;38:544-62.
97. Fang M, Xia J, Wu X, Kong H, Wang H, Xie W, Xu Y. Adenosine signaling inhibits CIITA-mediated MHC class II transactivation in lung fibroblast cells. Eur J Immunol 2013;43:2162-73.
98. Xia J, Fang M, Wu X, Yang Y, Yu L, Xu H, Kong H, Tan Q, Wang H, Xie W, Xu Y. A2b adenosine signaling represses CIITA transcription via an epigenetic mechanism in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015;1849:665-76.
99. Ben Addi A, Lefort A, Hua X, Libert F, Communi D, Ledent C, Macours P, Tilley SL, Boeynaems JM, Robaye B. Modulation of murine dendritic cell function by adenine nucleotides and adenosine: involvement of the A(2B) receptor. Eur J Immunol 2008;38:1610-20.
100. Wilson JM, Ross WG, Agbai ON, Frazier R, Figler RA, Rieger J, Linden J, Ernst PB. The A2B adenosine receptor impairs the maturation and immunogenicity of dendritic cells. J Immunol 2009;182:4616-23.
101. Xaus J, Valledor AF, Cardó M, Marquès L, Beleta J, Palacios JM, Celada A. Adenosine inhibits macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent proliferation of macrophages through the induction of p27kip-1 expression. J Immunol 1999;163:4140-9.
102. Ryzhov S, Novitskiy SV, Goldstein AE, Biktasova A, Blackburn MR, Biaggioni I, Dikov MM, Feoktistov I. Adenosinergic regulation of the expansion and immunosuppressive activity of CD11b+Gr1+ cells. J Immunol 2011;187:6120-9.
103. Gabrilovich DI, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Bronte V. Coordinated regulation of myeloid cells by tumours. Nat Rev Immunol 2012;12:253-68.
104. Cekic C, Sag D, Li Y, Theodorescu D, Strieter RM, Linden J. Adenosine A2B receptor blockade slows growth of bladder and breast tumors. J Immunol 2012;188:198-205.
105. Iannone R, Miele L, Maiolino P, Pinto A, Morello S. Blockade of A2b adenosine receptor reduces tumor growth and immune suppression mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a mouse model of melanoma. Neoplasia 2013;15:1400-9.
106. Morello S, Miele L. Targeting the adenosine A2b receptor in the tumor microenvironment overcomes local immunosuppression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncoimmunology 2014;3:e27989.
107. Wei Q, Costanzi S, Balasubramanian R, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. A2B adenosine receptor blockade inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells. Purinergic Signal 2013;9:271-80.
108. Vecchio EA, Tan CY, Gregory KJ, Christopoulos A, White PJ, May LT. Ligand-independent adenosine A2B receptor constitutive activity as a promoter of prostate cancer cell proliferation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016;357:36-44.
109. Kasama H, Sakamoto Y, Kasamatsu A, Okamoto A, Koyama T, Minakawa Y, Ogawara K, Yokoe H, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. Adenosine A2b receptor promotes progression of human oral cancer. BMC Cancer 2015;15:563.
110. Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Cattabriga E, Benini A, Mirandola P, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Feo C, Baraldi S, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors in colon carcinoma tissues and colon tumoral cell lines: focus on the A(3) adenosine subtype. J Cell Physiol 2007;211:826-36.
111. Ma DF, Kondo T, Nakazawa T, Niu DF, Mochizuki K, Kawasaki T, Yamane T, Katoh R. Hypoxia-inducible adenosine A2B receptor modulates proliferation of colon carcinoma cells. Hum Pathol 2010;41:1550-7.
112. Wang P, Guo X, Zong W, Song B, Liu G, He S. MicroRNA-128b suppresses tumor growth and promotes apoptosis by targeting A2bR in gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015;467:798-804.
113. Long JS, Schoonen PM, Graczyk D, O'Prey J, Ryan KM. p73 engages A2B receptor signalling to prime cancer cells to chemotherapy-induced death. Oncogene 2015;34:5152-62.
114. Hajiahmadi S, Panjehpour M, Aghaei M, Shabani M. Activation of A2b adenosine receptor regulates ovarian cancer cell growth: involvement of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3. Biochem Cell Biol 2015;93:321-9.
115. Daniele S, Zappelli E, Natali L, Martini C, Trincavelli ML. Modulation of A1 and A2B adenosine receptor activity: a new strategy to sensitise glioblastoma stem cells to chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2014;5:e1539.
116. Desmet CJ, Gallenne T, Prieur A, Reyal F, Visser NL, Wittner BS, Smit MA, Geiger TR, Laoukili J, Iskit S, Rodenko B, Zwart W, Evers B, Horlings H, Ajouaou A, Zevenhoven J, van Vliet M, Ramaswamy S, Wessels LF, Peeper DS. Identification of a pharmacologically tractable Fra-1/ADORA2B axis promoting breast cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:5139-44.
117. Przybylski M. A review of the current research on the role of bFGF and VEGF in angiogenesis. J Wound Care 2009;18:516-9.
118. Feoktistov I, Goldstein AE, Ryzhov S, Zeng D, Belardinelli L, Voyno-Yasenetskaya T, Biaggioni I. Differential expression of adenosine receptors in human endothelial cells: role of A2B receptors in angiogenic factor regulation. Circ Res 2002;90:531-8.
119. Feoktistov I, Ryzhov S, Zhong H, Goldstein AE, Matafonov A, Zeng D, Biaggioni I. Hypoxia modulates adenosine receptors in human endothelial and smooth muscle cells toward an A2B angiogenic phenotype. Hypertension 2004;44:649-54.
120. Merighi S, Simioni C, Gessi S, Varani K, Mirandola P, Tabrizi MA, Baraldi PG, Borea PA. A(2B) and A(3) adenosine receptors modulate vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8 expression in human melanoma cells treated with etoposide and doxorubicin. Neoplasia 2009;11:1064-73.
121. Zeng D, Maa T, Wang U, Feoktistov I, Biaggioni I, Belardinelli L. Expression and function of A 2B adenosine receptors in the U87MG tumor cells. Drug Develop Res 2003;58:405-11.
122. Sorrentino C, Miele L, Porta A, Pinto A, Morello S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells contribute to A2B adenosine receptor-induced VEGF production and angiogenesis in a mouse melanoma model. Oncotarget 2015;6:27478-89.
123. Murdoch C, Muthana M, Coffelt SB, Lewis CE. The role of myeloid cells in the promotion of tumour angiogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:618-31.
124. Allard B, Turcotte M, Spring K, Pommey S, Royal I, Stagg J. Anti-CD73 therapy impairs tumor angiogenesis. Int J Cancer 2014;134:1466-73.
125. Sorrentino C, Miele L, Porta A, Pinto A, Morello S. Activation of the A2B adenosine receptor in B16 melanomas induces CXCL12 expression in FAP-positive tumor stromal cells, enhancing tumor progression. Oncotarget 2016;7:64274-88.
126. Orimo A, Gupta PB, Sgroi DC, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Delaunay T, Naeem R, Carey VJ, Richardson AL, Weinberg RA. Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell 2005;121:335-48.