REFERENCES
1. Schiller GJ. Evolving treatment strategies in patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014;55:2438-48.
2. Meyer SC, Levine RL. Translational implications of somatic genomics in acute myeloid leukaemia. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:e382-94.
3. Arceci RJ, Berman JN, Meshinchi S. Acute myeloid leukemia. In: Arceci GD, editor. Cancer Genomics. Boston: Academic Press; 2014. pp. 283-300.
4. Tabe Y, Konopleva M. Advances in understanding the leukaemia microenvironment. Br J Haematol 2014;164:767-78.
5. Morrison SJ, Scadden DT. The bone marrow niche for haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2014;505:327-34.
6. Stölzel F, Röllig C, Radke J, Mohr B, Platzbecker U, Bornhäuser M, Paulus T, Ehninger G, Zöphel K, Schaich M. 18F-FDG-PET/CT for detection of extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2011;96:1552-6.
7. Yilmaz AF, Saydam G, Sahin F, Baran Y. Granulocytic sarcoma: a systematic review. Am J Blood Res 2013;3:265-70.
8. Jiang L, Yu G, Meng W, Wang Z, Meng F, Ma W. Overexpression of amyloid precursor protein in acute myeloid leukemia enhances extramedullary infiltration by MMP-2. Tumor Biol 2013;34:629-36.
9. Avni B, Koren-Michowitz M. Myeloid sarcoma: current approach and therapeutic options. Ther Adv Hematol 2011;2:309-16.
10. Bakst RL, Tallman MS, Douer D, Yahalom J. How I treat extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2011;118:3785-93.
11. Tirado CA, Chen W, Valdez F, Karandikar N, Arbini A, Acevedo I, Garcia R, Davila O, Smart RL, Matthews E, Kirk A, Collins RH. Unusual presentation of myeloid sarcoma in a case of acute promyelocytic leukemia with a cryptic PML-RARA rearrangement involving multiple sites including the atrium. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2010;200:47-53.
12. Ohanian M, Faderl S, Ravandi F, Pemmaraju N, Garcia-Manero G, Cortes J, Estrov Z. Is acute myeloid leukemia a liquid tumor? Int J Cancer 2013;133:534-43.
13. Ganzel C, Douer D. Extramedullary disease in APL: a real phenomenon to contend with or not? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2014;27:63-8.
14. Zhang XH, Zhang R, Li Y. Granulocytic sarcoma of abdomen in acute myeloid leukemia patient with inv(16) and t(6;17) abnormal chromosome: case report and review of literature. Leuk Res 2010;34:958-61.
15. Shvartsbeyn M, Meehan SM, Gu P, Nierodzik ML, Perle MA. Trisomy 8 in myeloid leukemia cutis confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:1026-9.
16. Scaglioni PP, Pandolfi PP. The theory of APL revisited. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007;313:85-100.
17. Zeng C, Xu Y, Xu L, Yu X, Cheng J, Yang L, Chen S, Li Y. Inhibition of long non-coding RNA NEAT1 impairs myeloid differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. BMC cancer 2014;14:693.
18. Naina HV, Levitt D, Vusirikala M, Anderson LD Jr, Scaglioni PP, Kirk A, Collins RH Jr. Successful treatment of relapsed and refractory extramedullary acute promyelocytic leukemia with tamibarotene. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:e534-6.
19. De Braekeleer E, Meyer C, Douet-Guilbert N, Basinko A, Le Bris MJ, Morel F, Berthou C, Marschalek R, Férec C, De Braekeleer M. Identification of MLL partner genes in 27 patients with acute leukemia from a single cytogenetic laboratory. Mol Oncol 2011;5:555-63.
20. Wu B, Li F, Zou S. MLL-AF9 rearrangement in myeloid sarcomas involving the breast. Ann Hematol 2014;93:709-10.
21. Chang H, Brandwein J, Yi QL, Chun K, Patterson B, Brien B. Extramedullary infiltrates of AML are associated with CD56 expression, 11q23 abnormalities and inferior clinical outcome. Leuk Res 2004;28:1007-11.
22. Gallo A, Lo Sterzo C, Mori M, Di Matteo A, Bertini I, Banci L, Brunori M, Federici L. Structure of nucleophosmin DNA-binding domain and analysis of its complex with a G-quadruplex sequence from the c-MYC promoter. J Biol Chem 2012;287:26539-48.
23. Chen HY, Lu QY. Research on NPM1 gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2013;21:258-62.
24. Falini B, Martelli MP, Bolli N, Sportoletti P, Liso A, Tiacci E, Haferlach T. Acute myeloid leukemia with mutated nucleophosmin (NPM1): is it a distinct entity? Blood 2011;117:1109-20.
25. Ovcharenko D, Stölzel F, Poitz D, Fierro F, Schaich M, Neubauer A, Kelnar K, Davison T, Müller-Tidow C, Thiede C, Bornhäuser M, Ehninger G, Brown D, Illmer T. miR-10a overexpression is associated with NPM1 mutations and MDM4 downregulation in intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2011;39:1030-42.e7.
26. Port M, Böttcher M, Thol F, Ganser A, Schlenk R, Wasem J, Neumann A, Pouryamout L. Prognostic significance of FLT3 internal tandem duplication, nucleophosmin 1, and CEBPA gene mutations for acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal karyotype and younger than 60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hematol 2014;93:1279-86.
27. Ansari-Lari MA, Yang CF, Tinawi-Aljundi R, Cooper L, Long P, Allan RH, Borowitz MJ, Berg KD, Murphy KM. FLT3 mutations in myeloid sarcoma. Br J Haematol 2004;126:785-91.
28. Colovic N, Tomin D, Vidovic A, Tosic N, Atkinson HD, Colovic MD. Central nervous system relapse in CD56+, FLT3/ITD+promyelocytic leukemia. Med Oncol 2012;29:260-2.
29. Muroi K, Fujiwara S, Tatara R, Sugimoto M, Yamamoto C, Uehara E, Meguro A, Hatano K, Okazuka K, Oh I, Ohmine K, Suzuki T, Mori M, Nagai T, Ozawa K. CD56 expression in normal immature granulocytes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Exp Hematopathol 2013;53:247-50.
30. Yang LL, Gan SL, Liu YF, Zhang QT, Li T, Ma J, Sun H. Clinical characteristics of CD56(+) patients with acute monocytic leukemia and their prognostic significance. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2013;21:596-600.
31. Breccia M, De Propris MS, Minotti C, Stefanizzi C, Raponi S, Colafigli G, Latagliata R, Guarini A, Foà R. Aberrant phenotypic expression of CD15 and CD56 identifies poor prognostic acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Leuk Res 2014;38:194-7.
32. Mitteldorf C, Bertsch HP, Baumgart M, Haase D, Wulf G, Schön MP, Rosenwald A, Neumann C, Kaune KM. Lacking CD56 expression in a relapsing cutaneous blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: FISH analysis revealed loss of 11q. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:1225-9.
33. Takahashi T, Tsukuda H, Kimura H, Yoshimoto M, Tsujisaki M. Extramedullary relapse of AML with t(9;11) (p22;q23) associated with clonal evolution from trisomy 8 into tetrasomy 8. Intern Med 2010;49:447-51.
34. Tamaki H, Yoshihara S, Fujioka T, Kawakami M, Oka Y, Ogawa H. Molecular detection of AML1-MTG8-positive cells in peripheral blood from a patient with isolated extramedullary relapse of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2009;23:424-6.
35. Lan TY, Lin DT, Tien HF, Yang RS, Chen CY, Wu K. Prognostic factors of treatment outcomes in patients with granulocytic sarcoma. Acta Haematol 2009;122:238-46.
36. Calvi LM, Link DC. Cellular complexity of the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell niche. Calcif Tissue Int 2014;94:112-24.
37. Saki N, Abroun S, Farshdousti Hagh M, Asgharei F. Neoplastic bone marrow niche: hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. Cell J 2011;13:131-6.
38. Fukuda S, Onishi C, Pelus LM. Trafficking of acute leukemia cells-chemokine receptor pathways that modulate leukemia cell dissemination. In: Antica M, editor. Acute Leukemia: The Scientist's Perspective and Challenge. Rijeka: InTech; 2011.
39. Faaij CM, Willemze AJ, Révész T, Balzarolo M, Tensen CP, Hoogeboom M, Vermeer MH, van Wering E, Zwaan CM, Kaspers GJ, Story C, an Halteren AG, Vossen JM, Egeler RM, an Tol MJ, Annels NE. Chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions in extramedullary leukaemia of the skin in childhood AML: differential roles for CCR2, CCR5, CXCR4 and CXCR7. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:344-8.
40. Wang C, Chen Z, Li Z, Cen J. The essential roles of matrix metalloproteinase-2, membrane type 1 metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in the invasive capacity of acute monocytic leukemia SHI-1 cells. Leuk Res 2010;34:1083-90.
41. Stefanidakis M, Karjalainen K, Jaalouk DE, Gahmberg CG, O'Brien S, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Koivunen E. Role of leukemia cell invadosome in extramedullary infiltration. Blood 2009;114:3008-17.
42. Pulgar F, Vélez D, Valdeolivas N, García J, Cabrera A, Pericet L, Trasobares L, Medina S, García M. Post-bone-marrow-transplant leukemia cutis. Dermatol Online J 2013;19:6.
43. Worch J, Ritter J, Frühwald MC. Presentation of acute promyelocytic leukemia as granulocytic sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:657-60.
44. Hoffman LM, Gore L, Maloney KW. Pulmonary presentation of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014;36:228-30.
45. Di Veroli A, Micarelli A, Cefalo M, Ceresoli E, Nasso D, Cicconi L, Mauramati S, Ottaviani F, Venditti A, Amadori S. Recurrence of at(8;21)-positive acute myeloid leukemia in the form of a granulocytic sarcoma involving cranial bones: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Case Rep Hematol 2013;2013:245395.
46. Johansson B, Fioretos T, Kullendorff CM, Wiebe T, Békássy AN, Garwicz S, Forestier E, Roos G, Akerman M, Mitelman F, Billström R. Granulocytic sarcomas in body cavities in childhood acute myeloid leukemias with 11q23/MLL rearrangements. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000;27:136-42.
47. Lin CH, Wu KH, Lin WC, Tsai JD, Peng CT, Chen AC. Granulocytic sarcoma of the colon in a child with acute myeloid leukemia presenting as hematochezia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008;30:981-3.
48. Choi ER, Ko YH, Kim SJ, Jang JH, Kim K, Kang WK, Jung CW, Kim DH. Gastric recurrence of extramedullary granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:e54-5.
49. Méndez-Cepeda P, Millán-Rodríguez AC, Dios E, Alvarez C, Sevillano C. Conjunctival myeloid sarcoma in acute myeloblastic leukemia-M1. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2012;87:79-81.
50. Tabriz N, Tannapfel A, Griesinger F, Weyhe D. Chloroma of pancreas-initial manifestation of a secondary leukemia after stem cell transplantation case report and review of the literature. J Gastrointest Surg 2013;17:1331-5.
51. Yamashita Y, Isomura N, Hamasaki Y, Goto M. Case of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia presenting as extramedullary tumor of the mandible. Head Neck 2013;35:E310-3.
52. Cash T, Becton D, Mian A. Cardiac myeloid sarcoma: a case report and review of literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2011;33:e330-2.
53. Isshiki Y, Ohwada C, Togasaki E, Shimizu R, Hasegawa N, Yamazaki A, Sugita Y, Kawaguchi T, Tsukamoto S, Sakai S, Takeda Y, Takeuchi M, Sakaida E, Shimizu N, Ota S, Yokote K, Iseki T, Nakaseko C. Acute myeloid leukemia concurrent with spinal epidural extramedullary myeloid sarcoma accompanied by a high CD25 expression and the FLT3-ITD mutation. Intern Med 2014;53:1159-64.
54. Ando T, Mitani N, Matsui K, Yamashita K, Nomiyama J, Tsuru M, Yujiri T, Tanizawa Y. Recurrent extramedullary relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with the chromosomal abnormality t(8;21) and CD56-positivity. Int J Hematol 2009;90:374-7.
55. Kiratli H, Demiroğlu H, Emeç S. Ocular relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (M4) with normal bone marrow. Int Ophthalmol 2009;29:243-5.
56. Svensson AM, Hu Y. Molecular diagnostics in adult acute myeloid leukemia. North Am J Med Sci 2012;5:29-37.
57. Undi RB, Kandi R, Gutti RK. MicroRNAs as haematopoiesis regulators. Adv Hematol 2013;2013:695754.
58. Ranganathan P, Garzon R. Clinical implications of MicroRNAs in AML. In: Andreeff M, editor. Targeted Therapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 699-705 .
59. Zheng YS, Zhang H, Zhang XJ, Feng DD, Luo XQ, Zeng CW, Lin KY, Zhou H, Qu LH, Zhang P, Chen YQ. MiR-100 regulates cell differentiation and survival by targeting RBSP3, a phosphatase-like tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2011;31:80-92.
60. Bai J, Guo A, Hong Z, Kuai W. Upregulation of microRNA-100 predicts poor prognosis in patients with pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2012;5:213-9.
61. Havelange V, Ranganathan P, Geyer S, Nicolet D, Huang X, Yu X, Volinia S, Kornblau SM, Andreeff M, Croce CM, Marcucci G, Bloomfield CD, Garzon R. Implications of the miR-10 family in chemotherapy response of NPM1-mutated AML. Blood 2014;123:2412-5.
62. Faraoni I, Laterza S, Ardiri D, Ciardi C, Fazi F, Lo-Coco F. MiR-424 and miR-155 deregulated expression in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia: correlation with NPM1 and FLT3 mutation status. J Hematol Oncol 2012;5:26.
63. Whitman SP, Maharry K, Radmacher MD, Becker H, Mrózek K, Margeson D, Holland KB, Wu YZ, Schwind S, Metzeler KH, Wen J, Baer MR, Powell BL, Carter TH, Kolitz JE, Wetzler M, Moore JO, Stone RM, Carroll AJ, Larson RA, Caligiuri MA, Marcucci G, Bloomfield CD. FLT3 internal tandem duplication associates with adverse outcome and gene-and microRNA-expression signatures in patients 60 years of age or older with primary cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Blood 2010;116:3622-6.
64. Mi S, Li Z, Chen P, He C, Cao D, Elkahloun A, Lu J, Pelloso LA, Wunderlich M, Huang H, Luo RT, Sun M, He M, Neilly MB, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Thirman MJ, Mulloy JC, Liu PP, Rowley JD, Chen J. Aberrant overexpression and function of the miR-17-92 cluster in MLL-rearranged acute leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:3710-5.
65. Garzon R, Volinia S, Liu CG, Fernandez-Cymering C, Palumbo T, Pichiorri F, Fabbri M, Coombes K, Alder H, Nakamura T, Flomenberg N, Marcucci G, Calin GA, Kornblau SM, Kantarjian H, Bloomfield CD, Andreeff M, Croce CM. MicroRNA signatures associated with cytogenetics and prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008;111:3183-9.
66. Jiang X, Huang H, Li Z, Li Y, Wang X, Gurbuxani S, Chen P, He C, You D, Zhang S, Wang J, Arnovitz S, Elkahloun A, Price C, Hong GM, Ren H, Kunjamma RB, Neilly MB, Matthews JM, Xu M, Larson RA, Le Beau MM, Slany RK, Liu PP, Lu J, Zhang J, He C, Chen J. Blockade of miR-150 maturation by MLL-fusion/MYC/LIN-28 is required for MLL-associated leukemia. Cancer cell 2012;22:524-35.
67. Garzon R, Pichiorri F, Palumbo T, Visentini M, Aqeilan R, Cimmino A, Wang H, Sun H, Volinia S, Alder H, Calin GA, Liu CG, Andreeff M, Croce CM. MicroRNA gene expression during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2007;26:4148-57.
68. Zhang H, Luo XQ, Feng DD, Zhang XJ, Wu J, Zheng YS, Chen X, Xu L, Chen YQ. Upregulation of microRNA-125b contributes to leukemogenesis and increases drug resistance in pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia. Mol Cancer 2011;10:108.
69. Becker H, Maharry K, Mrózek K, Volinia S, Eisfeld A, Radmacher MD, Kohlschmidt J, Metzeler KH, Schwind S, Whitman SP, Mendler JH, Wu YZ, Nicolet D, Paschka P, Powell BL, Carter TH, Wetzler M, Kolitz JE, Carroll AJ, Baer MR, Caligiuri MA, Stone RM, Marcucci G, Bloomfield CD. Prognostic gene mutations and distinct gene-and microRNA-expression signatures in acute myeloid leukemia with a sole trisomy 8. Leukemia 2014;28:1754-8.
70. Pileri SA, Ascani S, Cox MC, Campidelli C, Bacci F, Piccioli M, Piccaluga PP, Agostinelli C, Asioli S, Novero D, Bisceglia M, Ponzoni M, Gentile A, Rinaldi P, Franco V, Vincelli D, Pileri A Jr, Gasbarra R, Falini B, Zinzani PL, Baccarani M. Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients. Leukemia 2006;21:340-50.
