REFERENCES
2. Portela A, Esteller M. Epigenetic modifications and human disease. Nat Biotechnol 2010;28:1057-68.
3. Rodriguez-Paredes M, Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics reaches mainstream oncology. Nat Med 2011;17:330-9.
6. Gaudet F, Hodgson JG, Eden A, Jackson-Grusby L, Dausman J, Gray JW, Leonhardt H, Jaenisch R. Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation. Science 2003;300:489-92.
7. Holm TM, Jackson-Grusby L, Brambrink T, Yamada Y, Rideout WM, 3rd, Jaenisch R. Global loss of imprinting leads to widespread tumorigenesis in adult mice. Cancer Cell 2005;8:275-85.
8. Suzuki K, Suzuki I, Leodolter A, Alonso S, Horiuchi S, Yamashita K, Perucho M. Global DNA demethylation in gastrointestinal cancer is age dependent and precedes genomic damage. Cancer Cell 2006;9:199-207.
9. Cordaux R, Batzer MA. The impact of retrotransposons on human genome evolution. Nat Rev Genet 2009;10:691-703.
10. Shibata A, Matsuda T, Ajiki W, Sobue T. Trend in incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in Japan, 1993-2001. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008;38:464-8.
12. Arnold M, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012. Gut 2015;64:381-7.
13. Ishii T, Murakami J, Notohara K, Cullings HM, Sasamoto H, Kambara T, Shirakawa Y, Naomoto Y, Ouchida M, Shimizu K, Tanaka N, Jass JR, Matsubara N. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma may develop within a background of accumulating DNA methylation in normal and dysplastic mucosa. Gut 2007;56:13-9.
15. Wu DL, Sui FY, Jiang XM, Jiang XH. Methylation in esophageal carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:6933-40.
17. Ling ZQ, Zhao Q, Zhou SL, Mao WM. MSH2 promoter hypermethylation in circulating tumor DNA is a valuable predictor of disease-free survival for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2012;38:326-32.
18. Lee EJ, Lee BB, Kim JW, Shim YM, Hoseok I, Han J, Cho EY, Park J, Kim DH. Aberrant methylation of Fragile Histidine Triad gene is associated with poor prognosis in early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:972-80.
19. Lee EJ, Lee BB, Han J, Cho EY, Shim YM, Park J, Kim DH. CpG island hypermethylation of E-cadherin (CDH1) and integrin alpha4 is associated with recurrence of early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008;123:2073-9.
20. Hibi K, Taguchi M, Nakayama H, Takase T, Kasai Y, Ito K, Akiyama S, Nakao A. Molecular detection of p16 promoter methylation in the serum of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:3135-8.
21. Morita M, Kumashiro R, Kubo N, Nakashima Y, Yoshida R, Yoshinaga K, Saeki H, Emi Y, Kakeji Y, Sakaguchi Y, Toh Y, Maehara Y. Alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: epidemiology, clinical findings, and prevention. Int J Clin Oncol 2010;15:126-34.
22. Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and risk of subtypes of oesophageal and gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study. Gut 2010;59:39-48.
23. Tanaka F, Yamamoto K, Suzuki S, Inoue H, Tsurumaru M, Kajiyama Y, Kato H, Igaki H, Furuta K, Fujita H, Tanaka T, Tanaka Y, Kawashima Y, Natsugoe S, Setoyama T, Tokudome S, Mimori K, Haraguchi N, Ishii H, Mori M. Strong interaction between the effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma among individuals with ADH1B and/or ALDH2 risk alleles. Gut 2010;59:1457-64.
24. Yokoyama A, Kumagai Y, Yokoyama T, Omori T, Kato H, Igaki H, Tsujinaka T, Muto M, Yokoyama M, Watanabe H. Health risk appraisal models for mass screening for esophageal and pharyngeal cancer: an endoscopic follow-up study of cancer-free Japanese men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:651-5.
25. Yokoyama A, Omori T, Yokoyama T, Sato Y, Mizukami T, Matsushita S, Higuchi S, Maruyama K, Ishii H, Hibi T. Risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract in cancer-free alcoholic Japanese men: an endoscopic follow-up study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:2209-15.
26. Shigaki H, Baba Y, Watanabe M, Iwagami S, Miyake K, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Baba H. LINE-1 Hypomethylation in Noncancerous Esophageal Mucosae is Associated with Smoking History. Annals of surgical oncology 2012;19:4238-43.
27. Iwagami S, Baba Y, Watanabe M, Shigaki H, Miyake K, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Sakamaki K, Ohashi Y, Baba H. LINE-1 Hypomethylation Is Associated With a Poor Prognosis Among Patients With Curatively Resected Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Annals of surgery 2013;257:449-55.
28. Murata A, Baba Y, Watanabe M, Shigaki H, Miyake K, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Yoshida N, Oki E, Morita M, Nakao M, Baba H. IGF2 DMR0 methylation, loss of imprinting, and patient prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:1166-74.
29. Selaru FM, David S, Meltzer SJ, Hamilton JP. Epigenetic events in gastrointestinal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1910-2.
30. Agarwal A, Polineni R, Hussein Z, Vigoda I, Bhagat TD, Bhattacharyya S, Maitra A, Verma A. Role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 2012;5:382-96.
31. Jin Z, Cheng Y, Gu W, Zheng Y, Sato F, Mori Y, Olaru AV, Paun BC, Yang J, Kan T, Ito T, Hamilton JP, Selaru FM, Agarwal R, David S, Abraham JM, Wolfsen HC, Wallace MB, Shaheen NJ, Washington K, Wang J, Canto MI, Bhattacharyya A, Nelson MA, Wagner PD, Romero Y, Wang KK, Feng Z, Sampliner RE, Meltzer SJ. A multicenter, double-blinded validation study of methylation biomarkers for progression prediction in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Res 2009;69:4112-5.
32. Alvarez H, Opalinska J, Zhou L, Sohal D, Fazzari MJ, Yu Y, Montagna C, Montgomery EA, Canto M, Dunbar KB, Wang J, Roa JC, Mo Y, Bhagat T, Ramesh KH, Cannizzaro L, Mollenhauer J, Thompson RF, Suzuki M, Meltzer SJ, Melnick A, Greally JM, Maitra A, Verma A. Widespread hypomethylation occurs early and synergizes with gene amplification during esophageal carcinogenesis. PLoS Genet 2011;7:e1001356.
33. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:74-108.
34. Jinawath N, Furukawa Y, Hasegawa S, Li M, Tsunoda T, Satoh S, Yamaguchi T, Imamura H, Inoue M, Shiozaki H, Nakamura Y. Comparison of gene-expression profiles between diffuse- and intestinal-type gastric cancers using a genome-wide cDNA microarray. Oncogene 2004;23:6830-44.
35. Kim TY, Jong HS, Jung Y, Kang GH, Bang YJ. DNA hypermethylation in gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20 Suppl 1:131-42.
36. Nakamura J, Tanaka T, Kitajima Y, Noshiro H, Miyazaki K. Methylation-mediated gene silencing as biomarkers of gastric cancer: a review. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:11991-2006.
37. Otani K, Li X, Arakawa T, Chan FK, Yu J. Epigenetic-mediated tumor suppressor genes as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in gastric cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013;13:445-55.
38. Yu QM, Wang XB, Luo J, Wang S, Fang XH, Yu JL, Ling ZQ. CDH1 methylation in preoperative peritoneal washes is an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2012;106:765-71.
39. Park TJ, Han SU, Cho YK, Paik WK, Kim YB, Lim IK. Methylation of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene is associated significantly with K-ras mutation, lymph node invasion, tumor staging, and disease free survival in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 2001;92:2760-8.
40. Bae SI, Lee HS, Kim SH, Kim WH. Inactivation of O6- methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter CpG island hypermethylation in gastric cancers. Br J Cancer 2002;86:1888-92.
41. Yuasa Y, Nagasaki H, Oze I, Akiyama Y, Yoshida S, Shitara K, Ito S, Hosono S, Watanabe M, Ito H, Tanaka H, Kang D, Pan KF, You WC, Matsuo K. Insulin-like growth factor 2 hypomethylation of blood leukocyte DNA is associated with gastric cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2012;131:2596-603.
43. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, Matsumura N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakido M, Taniyama K, Sasaki N, Schlemper RJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2001;345:784-9.
44. Matsusaka K, Kaneda A, Nagae G, Ushiku T, Kikuchi Y, Hino R, Uozaki H, Seto Y, Takada K, Aburatani H, Fukayama M. Classification of Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancers by definition of DNA methylation epigenotypes. Cancer Res 2011;71:7187-97.
45. Kaneda A, Wakazono K, Tsukamoto T, Watanabe N, Yagi Y, Tatematsu M, Kaminishi M, Sugimura T, Ushijima T. Lysyl oxidase is a tumor suppressor gene inactivated by methylation and loss of heterozygosity in human gastric cancers. Cancer Res 2004;64:6410-5.
46. Ushijima T, Nakajima T, Maekita T. DNA methylation as a marker for the past and future. J Gastroenterol 2006;41:401-7.
47. Chan AO, Chu KM, Huang C, Lam KF, Leung SY, Sun YW, Ko S, Xia HH, Cho CH, Hui WM, Lam SK, Rashid A. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and interleukin 1beta polymorphism predispose to CpG island methylation in gastric cancer. Gut 2007;56:595-7.
48. El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow WH, McColl KE, Bream JH, Young HA, Herrera J, Lissowska J, Yuan CC, Rothman N, Lanyon G, Martin M, Fraumeni JF Jr, Rabkin CS. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 2000;404:398-402.
50. Fukayama M, Ushiku T. Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2011;207:529-37.
51. Uozaki H, Fukayama M. Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma--viral carcinogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2008;1:198-216.
52. Ushiku T, Chong JM, Uozaki H, Hino R, Chang MS, Sudo M, Rani BR, Sakuma K, Nagai H, Fukayama M. p73 gene promoter methylation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2007;120:60-6.
53. Hino R, Uozaki H, Murakami N, Ushiku T, Shinozaki A, Ishikawa S, Morikawa T, Nakaya T, Sakatani T, Takada K, Fukayama M. Activation of DNA methyltransferase 1 by EBV latent membrane protein 2A leads to promoter hypermethylation of PTEN gene in gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res 2009;69:2766-74.
55. Shigaki H, Baba Y, Watanabe M, Murata A, Iwagami S, Miyake K, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Baba H. LINE-1 hypomethylation in gastric cancer, detected by bisulfite pyrosequencing, is associated with poor prognosis. Gastric Cancer 2013;16:480-7.
56. Kosumi K, Baba Y, Ishimoto T, Harada K, Miyake K, Izumi D, Tokunaga R, Murata A, Eto K, Sugihara H, Shigaki H, Iwagami S, Sakamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Komohara Y, Takeya M, Baba H. Relationship between LINE-1 hypomethylation and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric mucosae. Med Oncol 2015;32:117.
57. Hur K, Han TS, Jung EJ, Yu J, Lee HJ, Kim WH, Goel A, Yang HK. Up-regulated expression of sulfatases (SULF1 and SULF2) as prognostic and metastasis predictive markers in human gastric cancer. J Pathol 2012;228:88-98.
58. Worthley DL, Leggett BA. Colorectal cancer: molecular features and clinical opportunities. Clin Biochem Rev 2010;31:31-8.
59. Toyota M, Ahuja N, Ohe-Toyota M, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Issa JP. CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:8681-6.
60. Shen L, Toyota M, Kondo Y, Lin E, Zhang L, Guo Y, Hernandez NS, Chen X, Ahmed S, Konishi K, Hamilton SR, Issa JP. Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis identifies three different subclasses of colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:18654-9.
61. Ide T, Kitajima Y, Ohtaka K, Mitsuno M, Nakafusa Y, Miyazaki K. Expression of the hMLH1 gene is a possible predictor for the clinical response to 5-fluorouracil after a surgical resection in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2008;19:1571-6.
62. Goel A, Arnold CN, Niedzwiecki D, Chang DK, Ricciardiello L, Carethers JM, Dowell JM, Wasserman L, Compton C, Mayer RJ, Bertagnolli MM, Boland CR. Characterization of sporadic colon cancer by patterns of genomic instability. Cancer Res 2003;63:1608-14.
63. Goel A, Nagasaka T, Arnold CN, Inoue T, Hamilton C, Niedzwiecki D, Compton C, Mayer RJ, Goldberg R, Bertagnolli MM, Boland CR. The CpG island methylator phenotype and chromosomal instability are inversely correlated in sporadic colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2007;132:127-38.
64. Arnold CN, Goel A, Niedzwiecki D, Dowell JM, Wasserman L, Compton C, Mayer RJ, Bertagnolli MM, Boland CR. APC promoter hypermethylation contributes to the loss of APC expression in colorectal cancers with allelic loss on 5q. Cancer Biol Ther 2004;3:960-4.
65. Arnold CN, Goel A, Compton C, Marcus V, Niedzwiecki D, Dowell JM, Wasserman L, Inoue T, Mayer RJ, Bertagnolli MM, Boland CR. Evaluation of microsatellite instability, hMLH1 expression and hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in defining the MSI phenotype of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2004;3:73-8.
66. Boland CR, Goel A. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2010;138:2073-87 e3.
67. Bouzourene H, Hutter P, Losi L, Martin P, Benhattar J. Selection of patients with germline MLH1 mutated Lynch syndrome by determination of MLH1 methylation and BRAF mutation. Fam Cancer 2010;9:167-72.
68. Baylin SB, Herman JG. DNA hypermethylation in tumorigenesis: epigenetics joins genetics. Trends Genet 2000;16:168-74.
69. Rashid A, Shen L, Morris JS, Issa JP, Hamilton SR. CpG island methylation in colorectal adenomas. Am J Pathol 2001;159:1129-35.
70. Coppede F. Epigenetic biomarkers of colorectal cancer: Focus on DNA methylation. Cancer Lett 2014;342:238-47.
71. Lao VV, Grady WM. Epigenetics and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;8:686-700.
72. Wang L, Cunningham JM, Winters JL, Guenther JC, French AJ, Boardman LA, Burgart LJ, McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN. BRAF mutations in colon cancer are not likely attribuTable to defective DNA mismatch repair. Cancer Res 2003;63:5209-12.
73. Grady WM, Rajput A, Lutterbaugh JD, Markowitz SD. Detection of aberrantly methylated hMLH1 promoter DNA in the serum of patients with microsatellite unsTable colon cancer. Cancer Res 2001;61:900-2.
74. Lofton-Day C, Model F, Devos T, Tetzner R, Distler J, Schuster M, Song X, Lesche R, Liebenberg V, Ebert M, Molnar B, Grutzmann R, Pilarsky C, Sledziewski A. DNA methylation biomarkers for blood-based colorectal cancer screening. Clin Chem 2008;54:414-23.
75. deVos T, Tetzner R, Model F, Weiss G, Schuster M, Distler J, Steiger KV, Grutzmann R, Pilarsky C, Habermann JK, Fleshner PR, Oubre BM, Day R, Sledziewski AZ, Lofton-Day C. Circulating methylated SEPT9 DNA in plasma is a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Clin Chem 2009;55:1337-46.
76. Grutzmann R, Molnar B, Pilarsky C, Habermann JK, Schlag PM, Saeger HD, Miehlke S, Stolz T, Model F, Roblick UJ, Bruch HP, Koch R, Liebenberg V, Devos T, Song X, Day RH, Sledziewski AZ, Lofton-Day C. Sensitive detection of colorectal cancer in peripheral blood by septin 9 DNA methylation assay. PLoS One 2008;3:e3759.
77. Tanzer M, Balluff B, Distler J, Hale K, Leodolter A, Rocken C, Molnar B, Schmid R, Lofton-Day C, Schuster T, Ebert MP. Performance of epigenetic markers SEPT9 and ALX4 in plasma for detection of colorectal precancerous lesions. PLoS One 2010;5:e9061.
78. Kostin PA, Zakharzhevskaia NB, Generozov EV, Govorun VM, Chernyshov SV, Shchelygin Iu A. [Hypermethylation of the CDH1, SEPT9, HLTF and ALX4 genes and their diagnostic significance in colorectal cancer]. Vopr Onkol 2010;56:162-8.
79. Chen WD, Han ZJ, Skoletsky J, Olson J, Sah J, Myeroff L, Platzer P, Lu S, Dawson D, Willis J, Pretlow TP, Lutterbaugh J, Kasturi L, Willson JK, Rao JS, Shuber A, Markowitz SD. Detection in fecal DNA of colon cancer-specifi c methylation of the nonexpressed vimentin gene. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:1124-32.
80. Itzkowitz SH, Jandorf L, Brand R, Rabeneck L, Schroy PC, 3rd, Sontag S, Johnson D, Skoletsky J, Durkee K, Markowitz S, Shuber A. Improved fecal DNA test for colorectal cancer screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:111-7.
81. Kamimae S, Yamamoto E, Yamano HO, Nojima M, Suzuki H, Ashida M, Hatahira T, Sato A, Kimura T, Yoshikawa K, Harada T, Hayashi S, Takamaru H, Maruyama R, Kai M, Nishiwaki M, Sugai T, Sasaki Y, Tokino T, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Toyota M. Epigenetic alteration of DNA in mucosal wash fluid predicts invasiveness of colorectal tumors. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011;4:674-83.
82. Kane MF, Loda M, Gaida GM, Lipman J, Mishra R, Goldman H, Jessup JM, Kolodner R. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair-defective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 1997;57:808-11.
83. Veigl ML, Kasturi L, Olechnowicz J, Ma AH, Lutterbaugh JD, Periyasamy S, Li GM, Drummond J, Modrich PL, Sedwick WD, Markowitz SD. Biallelic inactivation of hMLH1 by epigenetic gene silencing, a novel mechanism causing human MSI cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:8698-702.
84. Shin SK, Nagasaka T, Jung BH, Matsubara N, Kim WH, Carethers JM, Boland CR, Goel A. Epigenetic and genetic alterations in Netrin-1 receptors UNC5C and DCC in human colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1849-57.
85. Hibi K, Mizukami H, Shirahata A, Goto T, Sakata M, Sanada Y. Aberrant methylation of the netrin-1 receptor genes UNC5C and DCC detected in advanced colorectal cancer. World J Surg 2009;33:1053-7.
86. Tanaka M, Chang P, Li Y, Li D, Overman M, Maru DM, Sethi S, Phillips J, Bland GL, Abbruzzese JL, Eng C. Association of CHFR promoter methylation with disease recurrence in locally advanced colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:4531-40.
87. Yi JM, Dhir M, Van Neste L, Downing SR, Jeschke J, Glockner SC, de Freitas Calmon M, Hooker CM, Funes JM, Boshoff C, Smits KM, van Engeland M, Weijenberg MP, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Herman JG, Schuebel KE, Baylin SB, Ahuja N. Genomic and epigenomic integration identifies a prognostic signature in colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:1535-45.
88. Baba Y, Nosho K, Shima K, Huttenhower C, Tanaka N, Hazra A, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Hypomethylation of the IGF2 DMR in colorectal tumors, detected by bisulfite pyrosequencing, is associated with poor prognosis. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1855-64.
89. Wong JJ, Hawkins NJ, Ward RL. Colorectal cancer: a model for epigenetic tumorigenesis. Gut 2007;56:140-8.
90. Ji W, Hernandez R, Zhang XY, Qu GZ, Frady A, Varela M, Ehrlich M. DNA demethylation and pericentromeric rearrangements of chromosome 1. Mutat Res 1997;379:33-41.
91. Suter CM, Martin DI, Ward RL. Hypomethylation of L1 retrotransposons in colorectal cancer and adjacent normal tissue. Int J Colorectal Dis 2004;19:95-101.
92. Ogino S, Kawasaki T, Nosho K, Ohnishi M, Suemoto Y, Kirkner GJ, Fuchs CS. LINE-1 hypomethylation is inversely associated with microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2008;122:2767-73.
93. Estecio MR, Gharibyan V, Shen L, Ibrahim AE, Doshi K, He R, Jelinek J, Yang AS, Yan PS, Huang TH, Tajara EH, Issa JP. LINE-1 hypomethylation in cancer is highly variable and inversely correlated with microsatellite instability. PLoS One 2007;2:e399.
94. Fujiwara S, Noguchi T, Takeno S, Kimura Y, Fumoto S, Kawahara K. Hypermethylation of p16 gene promoter correlates with loss of p16 expression that results in poorer prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Dis Esophagus 2008;21:125-31.
95. Sung CO, Han SY, Kim SH. Low expression of claudin-4 is associated with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18:273-81.
96. Mori M, Mimori K, Shiraishi T, Alder H, Inoue H, Tanaka Y, Sugimachi K, Huebner K, Croce CM. Altered expression of Fhit in carcinoma and precarcinomatous lesions of the esophagus. Cancer Res 2000;60:1177-82.
97. Xue HC, Wang JM, Xu B, Guo GP, Hua ZL, Zhou Q, Zhu ZH, Ma ZK, Gao J. [Correlation of aberrant methylation of MGMT gene to MTHFR C677T genetic polymorphisms in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma]. Ai Zheng 2008;27:1256-62.
98. Ling ZQ, Li P, Ge MH, Hu FJ, Fang XH, Dong ZM, Mao WM. Aberrant methylation of different DNA repair genes demonstrates distinct prognostic value for esophageal cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:2992-3004.
99. Schulmann K, Sterian A, Berki A, Yin J, Sato F, Xu Y, Olaru A, Wang S, Mori Y, Deacu E, Hamilton J, Kan T, Krasna MJ, Beer DG, Pepe MS, Abraham JM, Feng Z, Schmiegel W, Greenwald BD, Meltzer SJ. Inactivation of p16, RUNX3, and HPP1 occurs early in Barrett's-associated neoplastic progression and predicts progression risk. Oncogene 2005;24:4138-48.
100. Yao D, Shi J, Shi B, Wang N, Liu W, Zhang G, Ji M, Xu L, He N, Hou P. Quantitative assessment of gene methylation and their impact on clinical outcome in gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2012;413:787-94.
101. Murai M, Toyota M, Suzuki H, Satoh A, Sasaki Y, Akino K, Ueno M, Takahashi F, Kusano M, Mita H, Yanagihara K, Endo T, Hinoda Y, Tokino T, Imai K. Aberrant methylation and silencing of the BNIP3 gene in colorectal and gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:1021-7.
102. Yuasa Y, Nagasaki H, Akiyama Y, Hashimoto Y, Takizawa T, Kojima K, Kawano T, Sugihara K, Imai K, Nakachi K. DNA methylation status is inversely correlated with green tea intake and physical activity in gastric cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2009;124:2677-82.
103. Ben Ayed-Guerfali D, Benhaj K, Khabir A, Abid M, Bayrouti MI, Sellami-Boudawara T, Gargouri A, Mokdad-Gargouri R. Hypermethylation of tumor-related genes in Tunisian patients with gastric carcinoma: clinical and biological significance. J Surg Oncol 2011;103:687-94.
104. Shi J, Zhang G, Yao D, Liu W, Wang N, Ji M, He N, Shi B, Hou P. Prognostic significance of aberrant gene methylation in gastric cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2012;2:116-29.
105. Jee CD, Kim MA, Jung EJ, Kim J, Kim WH. Identification of genes epigenetically silenced by CpG methylation in human gastric carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:1282-93.
106. Peng DF, Hu TL, Schneider BG, Chen Z, Xu ZK, El-Rifai W. Silencing of glutathione peroxidase 3 through DNA hypermethylation is associated with lymph node metastasis in gastric carcinomas. PLoS One 2012;7:e46214.
107. Kongkham PN, Northcott PA, Ra YS, Nakahara Y, Mainprize TG, Croul SE, Smith CA, Taylor MD, Rutka JT. An epigenetic genome-wide screen identifies SPINT2 as a novel tumor suppressor gene in pediatric medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2008;68:9945-53.
108. Wang L, Chen S, Xue M, Zhong J, Wang X, Gan L, Lam EK, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhou T, Yu J, Jin H, Si J. Homeobox D10 gene, a candidate tumor suppressor, is downregulated through promoter hypermethylation and associated with gastric carcinogenesis. Mol Med 2012;18:389-400.
109. Hibi K, Sakata M, Yokomizo K, Kitamura YH, Sakuraba K, Shirahata A, Goto T, Mizukami H, Saito M, Ishibashi K, Kigawa G, Nemoto H, Sanada Y. Methylation of the MGMT gene is frequently detected in advanced gastric carcinoma. Anticancer Res 2009;29:5053-5.
110. Kitajima Y, Ohtaka K, Mitsuno M, Tanaka M, Sato S, Nakafusa Y, Miyazaki K. Helicobacter pylori infection is an independent risk factor for Runx3 methylation in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2008;19:197-202.
111. Lu XX, Yu JL, Ying LS, Han J, Wang S, Yu QM, Wang XB, Fang XH, Ling ZQ. Stepwise cumulation of RUNX3 methylation mediated by Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to gastric carcinoma progression. Cancer 2012;118:5507-17.
112. Zou H, Harrington JJ, Shire AM, Rego RL, Wang L, Campbell ME, Oberg AL, Ahlquist DA. Highly methylated genes in colorectal neoplasia: implications for screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:2686-96.
113. Ebert MP, Model F, Mooney S, Hale K, Lograsso J, Tonnes-Priddy L, Hoffmann J, Csepregi A, Rocken C, Molnar B, Schulz HU, Malfertheiner P, Lofton-Day C. Aristaless-like homeobox-4 gene methylation is a potential marker for colorectal adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 2006;131:1418-30.
114. Lee BB, Lee EJ, Jung EH, Chun HK, Chang DK, Song SY, Park J, Kim DH. Aberrant methylation of APC, MGMT, RASSF2A, and Wif-1 genes in plasma as a biomarker for early detection of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:6185-91.
115. Ahlquist DA, Zou H, Domanico M, Mahoney DW, Yab TC, Taylor WR, Butz ML, Thibodeau SN, Rabeneck L, Paszat LF, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Bjerregaard NC, Laurberg S, Sorensen HT, Berger BM, Lidgard GP. Next-generation stool DNA test accurately detects colorectal cancer and large adenomas. Gastroenterology 2012;142:248-56; quiz e25-6.
116. Ahlquist DA, Taylor WR, Mahoney DW, Zou H, Domanico M, Thibodeau SN, Boardman LA, Berger BM, Lidgard GP. The stool DNA test is more accurate than the plasma septin 9 test in detecting colorectal neoplasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:272-7 e1.
117. Yamaguchi S, Asao T, Nakamura J, Ide M, Kuwano H. High frequency of DAP-kinase gene promoter methylation in colorectal cancer specimens and its identification in serum. Cancer Lett 2003;194:99-105.
118. Hellebrekers DM, Lentjes MH, van den Bosch SM, Melotte V, Wouters KA, Daenen KL, Smits KM, Akiyama Y, Yuasa Y, Sanduleanu S, Khalid-de Bakker CA, Jonkers D, Weijenberg MP, Louwagie J, van Criekinge W, Carvalho B, Meijer GA, Baylin SB, Herman JG, de Bruine AP, van Engeland M. GATA4 and GATA5 are potential tumor suppressors and biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:3990-7.
119. Suzuki H, Igarashi S, Nojima M, Maruyama R, Yamamoto E, Kai M, Akashi H, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto H, Sasaki Y, Itoh F, Imai K, Sugai T, Shen L, Issa JP, Shinomura Y, Tokino T, Toyota M. IGFBP7 is a p53-responsive gene specifically silenced in colorectal cancer with CpG island methylator phenotype. Carcinogenesis 2010;31:342-9.
120. Melotte V, Lentjes MH, van den Bosch SM, Hellebrekers DM, de Hoon JP, Wouters KA, Daenen KL, Partouns-Hendriks IE, Stessels F, Louwagie J, Smits KM, Weijenberg MP, Sanduleanu S, Khalid-de Bakker CA, Oort FA, Meijer GA, Jonkers DM, Herman JG, de Bruine AP, van Engeland M. N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 4 (NDRG4): a candidate tumor suppressor gene and potential biomarker for colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:916-27.
121. Herbst A, Rahmig K, Stieber P, Philipp A, Jung A, Ofner A, Crispin A, Neumann J, Lamerz R, Kolligs FT. Methylation of NEUROG1 in serum is a sensitive marker for the detection of early colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:1110-8.
122. Zou H, Yu B, Zhao R, Wang Z, Cang H, Li D, Feng G, Yi J. Detection of aberrant p16 methylation in the serum of colorectal cancer patients. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002;36:499-501.
123. Nagasaka T, Tanaka N, Cullings HM, Sun DS, Sasamoto H, Uchida T, Koi M, Nishida N, Naomoto Y, Boland CR, Matsubara N, Goel A. Analysis of fecal DNA methylation to detect gastrointestinal neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:1244-58.
124. Tan SH, Ida H, Lau QC, Goh BC, Chieng WS, Loh M, Ito Y. Detection of promoter hypermethylation in serum samples of cancer patients by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction for tumour suppressor genes including RUNX3. Oncol Rep 2007;18:1225-30.
125. Oh T, Kim N, Moon Y, Kim MS, Hoehn BD, Park CH, Kim TS, Kim NK, Chung HC, An S. Genome-wide identification and validation of a novel methylation biomarker, SDC2, for blood-based detection of colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn 2013;15:498-507.
126. Li M, Chen WD, Papadopoulos N, Goodman SN, Bjerregaard NC, Laurberg S, Levin B, Juhl H, Arber N, Moinova H, Durkee K, Schmidt K, He Y, Diehl F, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA Jr, Kinzler KW, Markowitz SD, Vogelstein B. Sensitive digital quantification of DNA methylation in clinical samples. Nat Biotechnol 2009;27:858-63.
127. Ahn JB, Chung WB, Maeda O, Shin SJ, Kim HS, Chung HC, Kim NK, Issa JP. DNA methylation predicts recurrence from resected stage III proximal colon cancer. Cancer 2011;117:1847-54.
128. Wallner M, Herbst A, Behrens A, Crispin A, Stieber P, Goke B, Lamerz R, Kolligs FT. Methylation of serum DNA is an independent prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:7347-52.
129. Katoh H, Yamashita K, Waraya M, Margalit O, Ooki A, Tamaki H, Sakagami H, Kokubo K, Sidransky D, Watanabe M. Epigenetic silencing of HOPX promotes cancer progression in colorectal cancer. Neoplasia 2012;14:559-71.
130. Jensen LH, Rasmussen AA, Byriel L, Kuramochi H, Cruger DG, Lindebjerg J, Danenberg PV, Jakobsen A, Danenberg K. Regulation of MLH1 mRNA and protein expression by promoter methylation in primary colorectal cancer: a descriptive and prognostic cancer marker study. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013;36:411-9.
131. Nilsson TK, Lof-Ohlin ZM, Sun XF. DNA methylation of the p14ARF, RASSF1A and APC1A genes as an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Oncol 2013;42:127-33.
132. Hibi K, Goto T, Shirahata A, Saito M, Kigawa G, Nemoto H, Sanada Y. Detection of TFPI2 methylation in the serum of colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Lett 2011;311:96-100.
