fig3

Figure 3. (A, B) Patient with a history of prior nasal trauma and severe right-sided nasal obstruction due to caudal septal deviation and nasal collapse. (C) The severely deviated caudal septum required excision. (D) Septal cartilage and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone were used for L-strut reconstruction in vivo. (E) Additional lateral crural strut grafting was performed for external nasal valve support. Image courtesy: Oliver et al.^[16].