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Figure 2. Tissue engineering approaches in treatment of volumetric muscle loss. In an in vivo approach, progenitor cells are obtained from the host to be seeded into the scaffolds, together with incorporation of biochemical cues (such as growth factors), the construct is immediately applied to the defect. In ex vivo tissue engineering, the same materials are first incubated together in a bioreactor so that a differentiated and functional construct is produced prior to implantation. Figure was created with Google Drawing.