fig12

Figure 12. Z-scores for the four categories (Code) of Cleft patients. The average shape was evaluated with the normative range^[19]. Only the z-axis (anterior-posterior direction) results were exemplified. A grey profile indicates the average face. Z-score was calculated by the equation: Z-score (z) = (p(z) - m(z))/s (z), where p(z) indicates the averaged coordinate values of each code, m(z) indicates the average coordinate values of the control group, and s (z) indicates the standard deviation of the coordinate values of the control group in the z-direction. Please note that Code 1 shows that the anterior-posterior position of the upper and lower lips was within 1 SD. In Codes 2 and 3, the cheeks (midface) were remarkably retruded, while the anterior-posterior position of the upper lip was within 1 SD. Codes 4 shows greater protrusion of upper and lower lips