REFERENCES
1. American Society of Plastic Surgeons: 2018 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. Available from: https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2018/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2018.pdf. [Last accessed on 5 Aug 2020].
2. Chayangsu O, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Pattanaprichakul P, Hidajat IJ, Evangelista KER, et al. Illegal injectable fillers: the adverse effects comparison study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; doi: 10.1111/jocd.13492.
3. Brennan R, Wells JSG, Van Hout M. “Saving face”: an online study of the injecting use of diy botox and dermal filler kits. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2018;26:154-9.
4. Beauvais D, Ferneini EM. Complications and litigation associated with injectable facial fillers: a cross-sectional study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020;78:133-40.
5. Rayess HM, Svider PF, Hanba C, Patel VS, DeJoseph LM, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of adverse events and litigation for injectable fillers. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018;20:207-14.
6. Tansatit T, Apinuntrum P, Phetudom T. A dark side of the cannula injections: how arterial wall perforations and emboli occur. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017;41:221-7.
7. Scheuer JF 3rd, Sieber DA, Pezeshk RA, Campbell CF, Gassman AA, et al. Anatomy of the facial danger zones: maximizing safety during soft-tissue filler injections. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;139:50e-8.
8. Kleintjes WG. Forehead anatomy: arterial variations and venous link of the midline forehead flap. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007;60:593-606.
9. Erdogmus S, Govsa F. Anatomy of the supraorbital region and the evaluation of it for the reconstruction of facial defects. J Craniofac Surg 2007;18:104-12.
10. Jang JG, Hong KS, Choi EY. A case of nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism after facial injection of hyaluronic acid in an illegal cosmetic procedure. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2014;77:90-3.
11. Aziz SR, Marchena JM, Puran A. Anatomic characteristics of the infraorbital foramen: a cadaver study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;58:992-6.
12. Ercikti N, Apaydin N, Kirici Y. Location of the infraorbital foramen with reference to soft tissue landmarks. Surg Radiol Anat 2017;39:11-5.
13. Yang HM, Lee JG, Hu KS, Gil YC, Choi YJ, et al. New anatomical insights on the course and branching patterns of the facial artery: clinical implications of injectable treatments to the nasolabial fold and nasojugal groove. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;133:1077-82.
14. Scheuer JF 3rd, Sieber DA, Pezeshk RA, Gassman AA, Campbell CF, et al. Facial danger zones: techniques to maximize safety during soft-tissue filler injections. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;139:1103-8.
15. Tansatit T, Moon HJ, Apinuntrum P, Phetudom T. Verification of embolic channel causing blindness following filler injection. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2015;39:154-61.
16. DeLorenzi C. Complications of injectable fillers, part 2: vascular complications. Aesthet Surg J 2015;34:584-600.
17. Breithaupt AD, Jones DH, Braz A, Narins R, Weinkle S. Anatomical basis for safe and effective volumization of the temple. Dermatol Surg 2015;41 Suppl 1:S278-83.
18. Sclafani AP, Fagien S. Treatment of injectable soft tissue filler complications. Dermatol Surg 2009;35 Suppl 2:1672-80.
19. Daines SM, Williams EF. Complications associated with injectable soft-tissue fillers: a 5-year retrospective review. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2013;15:226-31.
20. Li X, Du L, Lu JJ. A novel hypothesis of visual loss secondary to cosmetic facial filler injection. Ann Plast Surg 2015;75:258-60.
21. Shin H, Lemke BN, Stevens TS, Lim MJ. Posterior ciliary-artery occlusion after subcutaneous silicone-oil injection. Ann Ophthalmol 1988;20:342-4.
22. Doguizi S, Sekeroglu MA, Anayol MA, Yilmazbas P. Central retinal artery occlusion with double cilioretinal artery sparing. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2019;13:75-8.
23. Chen Y, Wang W, Li J, Yu Y, Li L, et al. Fundus artery occlusion caused by cosmetic facial injections. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014;127:1434-7.
24. Kim A, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Yang HK, Hwang JM, et al. Ophthalmoplegia as a complication of cosmetic facial filler injection. Acta Ophthalmol 2016;94:e377-9.
25. Bae IH, Kim MS, Choi H, Na CH, Shin BS. Ischemic oculomotor nerve palsy due to hyaluronic acid filler injection. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018;17:1016-8.
26. Dagi Glass LR, Choi CJ, Lee NG. Orbital complication following calcium hydroxylapatite filler injection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;33:S16-7.
27. Myung Y, Yim S, Jeong JH, Kim BK, Heo CY, et al. The classification and prognosis of periocular complications related to blindness following cosmetic filler injection. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140:61-4.
28. Kim YJ, Kim SS, Song WK, Lee SY, Yoon JS. Ocular ischemia with hypotony after injection of hyaluronic acid gel. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;27:e152-5.
29. Ramesh S, Fiaschetti D, Goldberg RA. Orbital and ocular ischemic syndrome with blindness after facial filler injection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;34:e108-10.
30. Silva MT, Curi AL. Blindness and total ophthalmoplegia after aesthetic polymethylmethacrylate injection: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2004;62:873-4.
31. Beleznay K, Carruthers JDA, Humphrey S, Carruthers A, Jones D. Update on avoiding and treating blindness from fillers: a recent review of the world literature. Aesthet Surg J 2019;39:662-74.
32. Kim YK, Jung C, Woo SJ, Park KH. Cerebral angiographic findings of cosmetic facial filler-related ophthalmic and retinal artery occlusion. J Korean Med Sci 2015;30:1847-55.
33. Park KH, Kim YK, Woo SJ, Kang SW, Lee WK, et al. Iatrogenic occlusion of the ophthalmic artery after cosmetic facial filler injections: a national survey by the Korean Retina Society. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014;132:714-23.
34. Barbucci R, Lamponi S, Magnani A, Poletti LF, Rhodes NP, et al. Influence of sulfation on platelet aggregation and activation with differentially sulfated hyaluronic acids. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1998;6:109-15.
35. Braverman IM, Keh-Yen A. Ultrastructure of the human dermal microcirculation. IV. Valve-containing collecting veins at the dermal-subcutaneous junction. J Invest Dermatol 1983;81:438-42.
36. Beleznay K, Humphrey S, Carruthers JD, Carruthers A. Vascular compromise from soft tissue augmentation: experience with 12 cases and recommendations for optimal outcomes. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2014;7:37-43.
37. Narins RS, Jewell M, Rubin M, Cohen J, Strobos J. Clinical conference: management of rare events following dermal fillers--focal necrosis and angry red bumps. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:426-34.
38. Landau M. Hyaluronidase caveats in treating filler complications. Dermatol Surg 2015;41 Suppl 1:S347-53.
39. Rullan PP, Olson R, Lee KC. The use of intralesional sodium thiosulfate to dissolve facial nodules from calcium hydroxylapatite. Dermatol Surg 2019; doi: 10.1097/DSS.000000000000223.
40. Robinson DM. In vitro analysis of the degradation of calcium hydroxylapatite dermal filler: a proof-of-concept study. Dermatol Surg 2018;44 Suppl 1:S5-9.
41. Hwang CJ. Periorbital injectables: understanding and avoiding complications. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2016;9:73-9.
42. Chesnut C. Restoration of visual loss with retrobulbar hyaluronidase injection after hyaluronic acid filler. Dermatol Surg 2018;44:435-7.
43. Sundaram H, Rohrich RJ, Liew S, Sattler G, Talarico S, et al. Cohesivity of hyaluronic acid fillers: development and clinical implications of a novel assay, pilot validation with a five-point grading scale, and evaluation of six u.s. food and drug administration-approved fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;136:678-86.
45. Rootman DB, Lin JL, Goldberg R. Does the tyndall effect describe the blue hue periodically observed in subdermal hyaluronic acid gel placement? Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;30:524-7.
46. Christensen L. Normal and pathologic tissue reactions to soft tissue gel fillers. Dermatol Surg 2007;33 Suppl 2:S168-75.
47. Lemperle G, Gauthier-Hazan N, Wolters M, Eisemann-Klein M, Zimmermann U, et al. Foreign body granulomas after all injectable dermal fillers: part 1. Possible causes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;123:1842-63.
48. Funt D, Pavicic T. Dermal fillers in aesthetics: an overview of adverse events and treatment approaches. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013;6:295-316.
49. Capodiferro S, Sportelli P, Limongelli L, Dell’Olio F, Tempesta A, et al. Delayed sclerosing granulomatous reaction to dermal filler injection of poly-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate suspended in hyaluronic acid: histochemical and confocal laser scanning microscopical analysis. Clinical Case Rep 2019;7:2215-9.
50. El-Khalawany M, Fawzy S, Saied A, Al Said M, Amer A, et al. Dermal filler complications: a clinicopathologic study with a spectrum of histologic reaction patterns. Ann Diagn Pathol 2015;19:10-5.
51. Ledon JA, Savas JA, Yang S, Franca K, Camacho I, et al. Inflammatory nodules following soft tissue filler use: a review of causative agents, pathology and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013;14:401-11.
52. Lemperle G, Morhenn V, Charrier U. Human histology and persistence of various injectable filler substances for soft tissue augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27:354-66. discussion 67
53. Lafaille P, Benedetto A. Fillers: contraindications, side effects and precautions. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2010;3:16-9.
54. Alijotas-Reig J, Fernandez-Figueras MT, Puig L. Inflammatory, immune-mediated adverse reactions related to soft tissue dermal fillers. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013;43:241-58.
55. Dumitrascu DI, Georgescu AV. The management of biofilm formation after hyaluronic acid gel filler injections: a review. Clujul Med 2013;86:192-5.
56. Rohrich RJ, Bartlett EL, Dayan E. Practical approach and safety of hyaluronic acid fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2019;7:e2172.
57. Bogdan Allemann I, Baumann L. Hyaluronic acid gel (Juvederm) preparations in the treatment of facial wrinkles and folds. Clin Interv Aging 2008;3:629-34.
58. Lee W, Hwang SG, Oh W, Kim CY, Lee JL, et al. Practical guidelines for hyaluronic acid soft-tissue filler use in facial rejuvenation. Dermatol Surg 2020;46:41-9.
59. Ballin AC, Cazzaniga A, Brandt FS. Long-term efficacy, safety and durability of Juvederm(R) XC. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013;6:183-9.
