REFERENCES
1. Levin LS. The reconstructive ladder. An orthoplastic approach. Orthop Clin North Am 1993;24:393-409.
2. Azoury SC, Stranix JT, Kovach SJ, Levin LS. Principles of orthoplastic surgery for lower extremity reconstruction: why is this important? J Reconstr Microsurg 2019. Epub ahead of print [PMID: 31454835 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1695753]
3. Janis JE, Kwon RK, Attinger CE. The new reconstructive ladder: modifications to the traditional model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127:205-12S.
4. Mathes SJ, Nahai F. Classification of the vascular anatomy of muscles: experimental and clinical correlation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1981;67:177-87.
5. Gottlieb LJ, Krieger LM. From the reconstructive ladder to the reconstructive elevator. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;93:1503-4.
6. Wong CJ, Niranjan N. Reconstructive stages as an alternative to the reconstructive ladder. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:362-3e.
7. Erba P, Ogawa R, Vyas R, Orgill DP. The reconstructive matrix: a new paradigm in reconstructive plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;126:492-8.
8. Zuo KJ, Willand MP, Ho ES, Ramdial S, Borschel GH. Targeted muscle reinnervation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;141:1447-58.
9. Fracol ME, Janes LE, Ko JH, Dumanian GA. Targeted muscle reinnervation in the lower leg. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;142:541-50e.
10. Dumanian G, Souza J. Surgical techniques for targeted muscle reinnervation. 2013. pp. 21-44.
11. Tintle SM, LeBrun C, Ficke JR, Potter BK. What is new in trauma-related amputations. J Orthop Trauma 2016;30:S16-20.
12. Hebert JS, Rehani M, Stiegelmar R. Osseointegration for lower-limb amputation: a systematic review of clinical outcomes. JBJS Rev 2017;5:e10.
13. Brånemark RP, Hagberg K, Kulbacka-Ortiz K, Berlin Ö, Rydevik B. Osseointegrated percutaneous prosthetic system for the treatment of patients with transfemoral amputation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2019;27:e743-51.
14. Levin LS. From autotransplantation to allotransplantation: a perspective on the future of reconstructive microsurgery. J Reconstr Microsurg 2018;34:681-2.
15. Carlsen BT, Prigge P, Peterson J. Upper extremity limb loss: functional restoration from prosthesis and targeted reinnervation to transplantation. J Hand Ther 2014;27:106-14.
16. Petruzzo P, Dubernard JM. The international registry on hand and composite tissue. Clin Transpl 2011:247-53.
17. Kuiken TA, Li G, Lock BA, Lipschutz RD, Miller LA, et al. Targeted muscle reinnervation for real-time myoelectric control of multifunction artificial arms. JAMA 2009;301:619-28.
18. Souza JM, Cheesborough JE, Ko JH, Cho MS, Kuiken TA, et al. Targeted muscle reinnervation: a novel approach to postamputation neuroma pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014;472:2984-90.
19. Cheesborough JE, Souza JM, Dumanian GA, Bueno RA. Targeted muscle reinnervation in the initial management of traumatic upper extremity amputation injury. Hand 2014;9:253-7.
20. Miranda RA, Casebeer WD, Hein AM, Judy JW, Krotkov EP, et al. DARPA-funded efforts in the development of novel brain-computer interface technologies. J Neurosci Methods 2014;244:52-67.
21. Mioton LM, Dumanian GA. Targeted muscle reinnervation and prosthetic rehabilitation after limb loss. J Surg Oncol 2018;118:807-14.
22. Bowen JB, Wee CE, Kalik J, Valerio IL. Targeted muscle reinnervation to improve pain, prosthetic tolerance, and bioprosthetic outcomes in the amputee. Adv Wound Care 2017;6:261-7.
23. Atzori M, Müller H. Control capabilities of myoelectric robotic prostheses by hand amputees: a scientific research and market overview. Front Syst Neurosci 2015;9:162.
24. Hargrove LJ, Miller LA, Turner K, Kuiken TA. Myoelectric pattern recognition outperforms direct control for transhumeral amputees with targeted muscle reinnervation: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2017;7:13840.
25. Kuiken TA, Miller LA, Turner K, Hargrove LJ. A comparison of pattern recognition control and direct control of a multiple degree-of-freedom transradial prosthesis. IEEE J Transl Eng Heal Med 2016;4:2100508.
26. Gart MS, Souza JM, Dumanian GA. Targeted muscle reinnervation in the upper extremity amputee: a technical roadmap. J Hand Surg Am 2015;40:1877-88.
27. Pierrie SN, Gaston RG, Loeffler BJ. Targeted muscle reinnervation for prosthesis optimization and neuroma management in the setting of transradial amputation. J Hand Surg Am 2019;44:525.e1-525.e8.
28. Morgan EN, Potter BK, Souza JM, Tintle SM, Nanos GP. Targeted muscle reinnervation for transradial amputation: description of operative technique. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg 2016;20:166-71.
29. Ortiz-Catalan M, Håkansson B, Brånemark R. An osseointegrated human-machine gateway for long-term sensory feedback and motor control of artificial limbs. Sci Transl Med 2014;6:257re6.
30. Takagi T, Ogiri Y, Kato R, Kodama M, Yamanoi Y, et al. Selective motor fascicle transfer and neural-machine interface: case report. J Neurosurg 2019:1-7.
31. Gaston RG, Bracey JW, Tait MA, Loeffler BJ. A novel muscle transfer for independent digital control of a myoelectric prosthesis: the starfish procedure. J Hand Surg Am 2019;44:163.e1-163.e5.
32. Pasquina PF, Perry BN, Miller ME, Ling GSF, Tsao JW. Practice recent advances in bioelectric prostheses. Neurol Clin Pract 2015;5:164-70.
33. Hargrove LJ, Simon AM, Young AJ, Lipschutz RD, Finucane SB, et al. Robotic leg control with EMG decoding in an amputee with nerve transfers. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1237-42.
34. Hargrove LJ, Young AJ, Simon AM, Fey NP, Lipschutz RD, et al. Intuitive control of a powered prosthetic leg during ambulation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:2244-52.
35. Lund LH, Benson L. Real-time myoelectric control of knee and ankle motions for transfemoral amputees. JAMA 2011;305:1542-4.
36. Pet MA, Ko JH, Friedly JL, Smith DG. Traction neurectomy for treatment of painful residual limb neuroma in lower extremity amputees. J Orthop Trauma 2015;29:e321-5.
37. Suckow BD, Goodney PP, Nolan BW, Veeraswamy RK, Gallagher P, et al. Domains that determine quality of life in vascular amputees. Ann Vasc Surg 2015;29:722-30.
39. Ephraim PL, Wegener ST, MacKenzie EJ, Dillingham TR, Pezzin LE. Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national survey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1910-9.
40. Richardson C, Glenn S, Nurmikko T, Horgan M, Fe C. Incidence of phantom phenomena including phantom limb pain 6 months after major lower limb amputation in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Clin J Pain 2006;22:353-8.
41. Ducic I, Mesbahi AN, Attinger CE, Graw K. The role of peripheral nerve surgery in the treatment of chronic pain associated with amputation stumps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:908-14.
42. Poyntz SA, Dalal M, Hacking N, Fowler S. Peripheral interventions for painful stump neuromas of the lower limb: a systematic review. Clin J Pain 2017;34:285-95.
43. Ives GC, Kung TA, Nghiem BT, Ursu DC, Brown DL, et al. Current state of the surgical treatment of terminal neuromas. Clin Neurosurg 2018;83:354-64.
44. Pet MA, Ko JH, Friedly JL, Mourad PD, Smith DG. Does targeted nerve implantation reduce neuroma pain in amputees? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014;472:2991-3001.
45. Dumanian GA, Potter BK, Mioton LM, Ko JH, Cheesborough JE, et al. Targeted muscle reinnervation treats neuroma and phantom pain in major limb amputees: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 2019;270:238-46.
46. Agnew SP, Schultz AE, Dumanian GA, Kuiken TA. Targeted reinnervation in the transfemoral amputee: a preliminary study of surgical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129:187-94.
47. Fracol ME, Janes LE, Ko JH, Dumanian GA. Targeted muscle reinnervation in the lower leg: an anatomical study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;142:541-50e.
49. Eberlin KR, Ducic I. Surgical algorithm for neuroma management: a changing treatment paradigm. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2018;6:e1952.
50. Poppler LH, Parikh RP, Bichanich MJ, Rebehn K, Bettlach CR, et al. Surgical interventions for the treatment of painful neuroma: a comparative meta-analysis. Pain 2018;159:214-23.
51. Kubiak CA, Kemp SWP, Cederna PS. Regenerative peripheral nerve interface for management of postamputation neuroma. JAMA Surg 2018;153:681-2.
52. Kung TA, Langhals NB, Martin DC, Johnson PJ, Cederna PS, et al. Regenerative peripheral nerve interface viability and signal transduction with an implanted electrode. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;133:1380-94.
53. Frost CM, Ursu DC, Flattery SM, Nedic A, Hassett CA, et al. Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces for real-time, proportional control of a neuroprosthetic hand. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2018;15:108.
54. Biddiss E, Chau T. Upper limb prosthesis use and abandonment: a survey of the last 25 years. Prosthet Orthot Int 2007;31:236-57.
55. Paternò L, Ibrahimi M, Gruppioni E, Menciassi A, Ricotti L. Sockets for limb prostheses: a review of existing technologies and open challenges. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018;65:1996-2010.
56. Hagberg K, Häggström E, Uden M, Brånemark R. Socket versus bone-anchored trans-femoral prostheses: hip range of motion and sitting comfort. Prosthet Orthot Int 2005;29:153-63.
57. Tranberg R, Zügner R, Kärrholm J. Improvements in hip- and pelvic motion for patients with osseointegrated trans-femoral prostheses. Gait Posture 2011;33:165-8.
58. Van De Meent H, Hopman MT, Frölke JP. Walking ability and quality of life in subjects with transfemoral amputation: a comparison of osseointegration with socket prostheses. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013;94:2174-8.
59. Bothe RT, Beaton KE, Davenport H. Reaction of bone to multiple metallic implants. Surg Gynecol Obs 1940;71:598-602.
60. Branemark PI. Osseointegration and its experimental background. J Prosthet Dent 1983;50:399-410.
61. Li Y, Brånemark R. Osseointegrated prostheses for rehabilitation following amputation. Unfallchirurg 2017;120:285-92.
62. Zaid MB, O’Donnell RJ, Potter BK, Forsberg JA. Orthopaedic osseointegration: state of the art. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2019;27:e977-85.
63. Yerneni S, Dhaher Y, Kuiken TA. A computational model for stress reduction at the skin-implant interface of osseointegrated prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012;100:911-7.
64. Al Muderis M, Lu W, Tetsworth K, Bosley B, Li JJ. Single-stage osseointegrated reconstruction and rehabilitation of lower limb amputees: The Osseointegration Group of Australia Accelerated Protocol-2 (OGAAP-2) for a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2017;7:e013508.
65. Aschoff HH, Kennon RE, Keggi JM, Rubin LE. Transcutaneous, distal femoral, intramedullary attachment for above-the-knee prostheses: an endo-exo device. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010;92:180-6.
66. Muderis MA, Khemka A, Lord SJ, Van De Meent H, Frolke JPM. Safety of osseointegrated implants for transfemoral amputees: a two-center prospective cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016;98:900-9.
67. Brånemark R, Berlin Ö, Hagberg K, Bergh P, Gunterberg B, et al. A novel osseointegrated percutaneous prosthetic system for the treatment of patients with transfemoral amputation: a prospective study of 51 patients. Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:106-13.
68. Tillander J, Hagberg K, Berlin Ö, Hagberg L, Brånemark R. Osteomyelitis risk in patients with transfemoral amputations treated with osseointegration prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017;475:3100-08.
69. Atallah R, Leijendekkers RA, Hoogeboom TJ, Frölke JP. Complications of bone-anchored prostheses for individuals with an extremity amputation: a systematic review. PLoS One 2018;13:e0201821.
70. Mastinu E, Doguet P, Botquin Y, Hakansson B, Ortiz-Catalan M. Embedded system for prosthetic control using implanted neuromuscular interfaces accessed via an osseointegrated implant. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2017;11:867-77.
72. Fernandez JJG, Febres-Cordero RG, Simpson RL. The untold story of the first hand transplant: dedicated to the memory of one of the great minds of the ecuadorian medical community and the world. J Reconstr Microsurg 2019;35:163-7.
73. Dubernard JM, Owen E, Herzberg G, Lanzetta M, Martin X, et al. Human hand allograft: report on first 6 months. Lancet 1999;353:1315-20.
74. Breidenbach WC, Gonzales NR, Kaufman CL, Klapheke M, Tobin GR, et al. Outcomes of the first 2 American hand transplants at 8 and 6 years posttransplant. J Hand Surg Am 2008;33:1039-47.
75. Graham B, Adkins P, Tsai TM, Firrell J, Breidenbach WC. Major replantation versus revision amputation and prosthetic fitting in the upper extremity: a late functional outcomes study. J Hand Surg Am 1998;23:783-91.
76. Thuong M, Petruzzo P, Landin L, Mahillo B, Kay S, et al. Vascularized composite allotransplantation - a Council of Europe position paper. Transpl Int 2019;32:233-40.
77. Amaral S, Scott Levin L. Pediatric and congenital hand transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017;22:477-83.
78. Amaral S, Kessler SK, Levy TJ, Gaetz W, McAndrew C, et al. 18-month outcomes of heterologous bilateral hand transplantation in a child: a case report. Lancet Child Adolesc Heal 2017;1:35-44.
79. Shores JT, Imbriglia JE, Lee WPA. The current state of hand transplantation. J Hand Surg Am 2011;36:1862-7.
80. Shores JT, Malek V, Lee WPA, Brandacher G. Outcomes after hand and upper extremity transplantation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2017;28:72.
81. Cavadas PC, Landin L, Ibañez J. Bilateral hand transplantation: result at 20 months. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2009;34:434-43.
82. Weissenbacher A, Pierer G, Gabl M, Ninkovic M, Hautz T, et al. VCA at innsbruck medical university - an update 14 years after the first hand transplantation. Transplantation 2014;98:45.
83. Francois CG, Breidenbach WC, Maldonado C, Kakoulidis TP, Hodges A, et al. Hand transplantation: comparisons and observations of the first four clinical cases. Microsurgery 2000;20:360-71.
84. Pei G, Gu L, Yu L. A preliminary report of two cases of human hand allograft. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2000;80:417-21. (in Chinese)
85. Jones JW, Gruber SA, Barker JH, Breidenbach WC. Successful hand transplantation: one-year follow-up. N Engl J Med 2000;343:468-73.
86. Ben-Amotz O, Kruger EA, McAndrew C, Lantieri L, Bozentka D, et al. Logistics in coordinating the first adult transatlantic bilateral hand transplant: lessons learned. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;142:730-5.
87. Carty MJ, Zuker R, Cavadas P, Pribaz JJ, Talbot SG, et al. The case for lower extremity allotransplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;131:1272-7.
88. Mendenhall SD, Brown S, Ben-Amotz O, Neumeister MW, Levin LS. Building a hand and upper extremity transplantation program: lessons learned from the first 20 years of vascularized composite allotransplantation. Hand (N Y) 2018; doi: 10.1177/1558944718790579.
89. Elliott RM, Tintle SM, Levin LS. Upper extremity transplantation: current concepts and challenges in an emerging field. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2014;7:83-8.
90. Colen DL, Carney MJ, Shubinets V, Lanni MA, Liu T, et al. Soft-tissue reconstruction of the complicated knee arthroplasty: principles and predictors of salvage. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;141:1040-8.
91. Magill G, Benedict J, Plock JA, Krones T, Gorantla VS. Existing and evolving bioethical dilemmas, challenges and controversies in vascularized composite allotransplantation - an international perspective from the brocher bioethics working group. Transplantation 2019;103:1746-51.
92. Kubiak CA, Etra JW, Brandacher G, Kemp SWP, Kung TA, et al. Prosthetic rehabilitation and vascularized composite allotransplantation following upper limb loss. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;143:1688-701.
93. Mathes DW, Schlenker R, Ploplys E, Vedder N. A survey of north american hand surgeons on their current attitudes toward hand transplantation. J Hand Surg Am 2009;34:808-14.
94. Lee WPA, Shores JT, Brandacher G. From auto- to allotransplantation: immunomodulatory protocol for hand and arm transplantation. J Reconstr Microsurg 2018;34:683-4.
95. Doumit G, Gharb BB, Rampazzo A, Papay F, Siemionow MZ, et al. Pediatric vascularized composite allotransplantation. Ann Plast Surg 2014;73:445-50.
97. Grahammer J, Weissenbacher A, Zelger BG, Zelger B, Boesmueller M, et al. Benefits and limitations of belatacept in 4 hand-transplanted patients. Am J Transplant 2017;17:3228-35.
98. Diaz-Siso JR, Fischer S, Sisk GC, Bueno E, Kueckelhaus M, et al. Initial experience of dual maintenance immunosuppression with steroid withdrawal in vascular composite tissue allotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2015;15:1421-31.
99. Petruzzo P, Gazarian A, Kanitakis J, Parmentier H, Guigal V, et al. Outcomes after bilateral hand allotransplantation. Ann Surg 2015;261:213-20.
100. Messner F, Hautz T. The innsbruck handtransplant program: eighteen years of experience. Am J Transplant 2019;19:615.
101. Schneeberger S, Gorantla VS, Brandacher G, Zeevi A, Demetris AJ, et al. Upper-extremity transplantation using a cell-based protocol to minimize immunosuppression. Ann Surg 2013;257:345-51.
102. Sutter D, Dzhonova DV, Prost JC, Bovet C, Banz Y, et al. Delivery of rapamycin using in situ forming implants promotes immunoregulation and vascularized composite allograft survival. Sci Rep 2019;9:9269.
103. Sarhane KA, Tuffaha SH, Broyles JM, Ibrahim AE, Khalifian S, et al. A critical analysis of rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation: clinical, cellular and molecular aspects, current challenges, and novel concepts. Front Immunol 2013;4:406.
104. Petruzzo P, Lanzetta M, Dubernard JM, et al. The international registry on hand and composite tissue transplantation. Transplantation 2010;90:1590-4.
105. Kaufman CL, Ouseph R, Blair B, Kutz JE, Tsai TM, et al. Graft vasculopathy in clinical hand transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012;12:1004-16.
106. Schneeberger S, Gorantla VS, Hautz T, Pulikkottil B, Margreiter R, et al. Immunosuppression and rejection in human hand transplantation. Transplant Proc 2009;41:472-5.
107. Ninkovic M, Weissenbacher A, Gabl M, Pierer G, Pratschke J, et al. Functional outcome after hand and forearm transplantation: what can be achieved? Hand Clin 2011;27:455-65.
108. Severance G, Walsh L. Rehabilitation after bilateral hand transplantation in the quadrimembral patient: review and recommendations. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg 2013;17:215-20.
109. Datta D, Selvarajah K, Davey N. Functional outcome of patients with proximal upper limb deficiency - acquired and congenital. Clin Rehabil 2004;18:172-7.
110. Kaufman CL, Breidenbach W. World experience after more than a decade of clinical hand transplantation: update from the Louisville hand transplant program. Hand Clin 2011;27:417-21.
111. Salminger S, Sturma A, Roche AD, Hruby LA, Paternostro-Sluga T, et al. Functional and psychosocial outcomes of hand transplantation compared with prosthetic fitting in below-elbow amputees: a multicenter cohort study. PLoS One 2016;11:e0162507.
112. Shores JT, Brandacher G, Lee WPA. Hand and upper extremity transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;135:351-60e.
113. Schneeberger S, Zelger B, Ninkovic M, Margreiter R. Transplantation of the hand. Transplant Rev 2005;19:100-7.
