REFERENCES

1. Ferguson C, Alpern E, Miclau T, Helms JA. Does adult fracture repair recapitulate embryonic skeletal formation? Mech Dev 1999;87:57-66.

2. Aronson J, Harrison BH, Stewart CL, Harp JH, Jr. The histology of distraction osteogenesis using different external fixators. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989;(241):106-16.

3. Tsuchiya H, Tomita K. Distraction osteogenesis for treatment of bone loss in the lower extremity. J Orthop Sci 2003;8:116-24.

4. Tsuchiya H, Tomita K, Minematsu K, Mori Y, Asada N, Kitano S. Limb salvage using distraction osteogenesis. A classification of the technique. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1997;79:403-11.

5. Tran N, Webster TJ. Nanotechnology for bone materials. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2009;1:336-51.

6. Webster TJ, Siegel RW, Bizios R. Osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials 1999;20:1221-7.

7. Webster TJ, Ergun C, Doremus RH, Siegel RW, Bizios R. Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials 2000;21:1803-10.

8. Sahoo NG, PanYZ, Li L, He CB. Nanocomposites for bone tissue regeneration. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013;8:639-53.

9. Laurencin CT, Kumbar SG, Nukavarapu SP. Nanotechnology and orthopedics: a personal perspective. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2009;1:6-10.

10. Christenson EM, Anseth KS, van den Beucken JJ, Chan CK, Ercan B, Jansen JA, Laurencin CT, Li WJ, Murugan R, Nair LS, Ramakrishna S, Tuan RS, Webster TJ, Mikos AG. Nanobiomaterial applications in orthopedics. J Orthop Res 2007;25:11-22.

11. Kim SJ, Mandar A, Song SH, Song HR. Pitfalls of lengthening over an intramedullary nail in tibia: a consecutive case series. Arch OrthopTrauma Surg 2012;132:185-91.

12. Paley D. Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990:81-104.

13. Karger C, Guille JT, Bowen JR. Lengthening of congenital lower limb deficiencies. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993;291:236-45.

14. Darouiche RO. Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1422-9.

15. Anderson JM. Biological responses to materials. Ann Rev Mater Res 2001;31:81-110.

16. An YH, Friedman RJ. Prevention of sepsis in total joint arthroplasty. J Hosp Infect 1996;33:93-108.

17. Calhoun JH, Manring MM. Adult osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2005;19:765-86.

18. Zilberman M, Elsner JJ. Antibiotic-eluting medical devices for various applications. J Control Release 2008;130:202-15.

19. Trampuz A, Osmon DR, Hanssen AD, Steckelberg JM, Patel R. Molecular and antibiofilm approaches to prosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003:69-88.

20. Duan K, Wang R. Surface modifications of bone implants through wet chemistry. J Mater Chem 2006;16:2309-21.

21. Li H, Ogle H, Jiang B, Hagar M, Li B. Cefazolin embedded biodegradable polypeptide nanofilms promising for infection prevention: a preliminary study on cell responses. J Orthop Res 2010;28:992-9.

22. Copello GJ, Teves S, Degrossi J, D'Aquino M, Desimone MF, Diaz LE. Antimicrobial activity on glass materials subject to disinfectant xerogel coating. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006;33:343-8.

23. Bosetti M, Massè A, Tobin E, Cannas M. Silver coated materials for external fixation devices: in vitro biocompatibility and genotoxicity. Biomaterials 2002;23:887-92.

24. Nablo BJ, Prichard HL, Butler RD, Klitzman B, Schoenfi MH. Inhibition of implant-associated infections via nitric oxide release. Biomaterials 2005;26:6984-90.

25. Chung CJ, Lin HI, Tsou HK, Shi ZY, He JL. An antimicrobial TiO₂ coating for reducing hospital-acquired infection. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008;85:220-4.

26. Ainslie KM, Tao SL, Popat KC, Daniels H, Hardev V, Grimes CA, Desai TA. In vitro inflammatory response of nanostructured titania, silicon oxide, and polycaprolactone. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009;91:647-55.

27. Etienne O, Picart C, Taddei C, Haikel Y, Dimarcq JL, Schaaf P, Voegel JC, Ogier JA, Egles C. Multilayer polyelectrolyte fims functionalized by insertion of defensin: a new approach to protection of implants from bacterial colonization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3662-9.

28. Schrand AM, Huang H, Carlson C, Schlager JJ, Omacr Sawa E, Hussain SM, Dai L. Are diamond nanoparticles cytotoxic? J Phys Chem B 2007;111:2-7.

29. Huang H, Pierstorff E, Osawa E, Ho D. Protein-mediated assembly of nanodiamond hydrogels into a biocompatible and biofunctional multilayer nanofilm. ACS Nano 2008;2:203-12.

30. Rauschmann MA, Wichelhaus TA, Stirnal V, Dingeldein E, Zichner L, Schnettler R, Alt V. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite and calcium sulphate as biodegradable composite carrier material for local delivery of antibiotics in bone infections. Biomaterials 2005;26:2677-84.

31. Adams CS, Antoci V Jr, Harrison G, Patal P, Freeman TA, Shapiro IM, Parvizi J, Hickok NJ, Radin S, Ducheyne P. Controlled release of vancomycin from thin sol-gel films on implant surfaces successfully controls osteomyelitis. J Orthop Res 2009;27:701-9.

32. Kim HW, Kim HE, Salih V. Stimulation of osteoblast responses to biomimetic nanocomposites of gelatin-hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2005;26:5221-30.

33. Dzenis Y. Material science. Spinning continuous fibers for nanotechnology. Science 2004;304:1917-9.

34. Fu S, Yang L, Fan J, Wen Q, Lin S, Wang B, Chen L, Meng X, Chen Y, Wu J. In vitro mineralization of hydroxyapatite on electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) fibous scaffolds for tissue engineering application. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013;107:167-73.

35. Kikuchi M, Ikoma T, Matsumoto HN, Takakuda K, Shinomiya K, Tanaka J. Biomimetic synthesis of bone-like nanocomposites using the self-organization mechanism of hydroxyapatite and collagen. Compos SciTechnol 2004;64:819-25.

36. Woo KM, Chen VJ, Ma PX. Nano-fibrous scaffolding architecture selectively enhances protein adsorption contributing to cell attachment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003;67:531-7.

37. Langer R, Tirrell DA. Designing materials for biology and medicine. Nature 2004;428:487-92.

38. Williams JM, Adewunmi A, Schek RM, Flanagan CL, Krebsbach PH, Feinberg SE, Hollister SJ, Das S. Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering. Biomaterials 2005;26:4817-27.

39. Jaiswal AK, Dhumal RV, Ghosh S, Chaudhari P, Nemani H, SoniVP, Vanage GR, Bellare JR. Bone healing evaluation of nanofibrous composite scaffolds in rat calvarial defects: a comparative study. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2013;9:2073-85.

40. Xing H, Komasa S, TaguchiY, SekinoT, Okazaki J. Osteogenic activity of titanium surfaces with nanonetwork structures. Int J Nanomedicine 2014;9:1741-55.

41. Frandsen CJ, Brammer KS, Noh K, Johnston G, Jin S. Tantalum coating on TiO₂ nanotubes induces superior rate of matrix mineralization and osteofunctionality in human osteoblasts. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2014;37:332-41.

42. Brammer KS, Frandsen CJ, Jin S. TiO₂ nanotubes for bone regeneration. Trends Biotechnol 2012;30:315-22.

43. Li G, Bouxsein ML, Luppen C, Li XJ, Wood M, Seeherman HJ, Wozney JM, Simpson H. Bone consolidation is enhanced by rhBMP-2 in a rabbit model of distraction osteogenesis. J Orthop Res 2002;20:779-88.

44. Al Ruhaimi KA. Comparison of different distraction rates in the mandible: an experimental investigation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;30:220-7.

45. Zakhary K, Motakis D, Hamdy RH, Campisi P, Amar Y, Lessard ML. Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 7 on bone density during distraction osteogenesis of the rabbit mandible. J Otolaryngol 2005;34:407-14.

46. Wang Y, Ni M, Tang PF, Li G. Novel application of HA-TCP biomaterials in distraction osteogenesis shortened the lengthening time and promoted bone consolidation. J Orthop Res 2009;27:477-82.

47. Li G, Simpson AH, Triffitt JT. The role of chondrocytes in intramembranous and endochondral ossification during distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit. Calcif Tissue Int 1999;64:310-7.

48. Woo BH, Fink BF, Page R, Schrier JA, Jo YW, Jiang G, DeLuca M, Vasconez HC, DeLuca PP. Enhancement of bone growth by sustained delivery of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in a polymeric matrix. Pharm Res 2001;18:1747-53.

49. Murphy WL, Peters MC, Kohn DH, Mooney DJ. Sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor from mineralized poly (lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2000;21:2521-7.

50. Haidar ZS, Tabrizian M, Hamdy RC. A hybrid rhOP-1 delivery system enhances new bone regeneration and consolidation in a rabbit model of distraction osteogenesis. Growth Factors 2010;28:44-55.

51. Konaş E, Emin Mavili M, Korkusuz P, Demir D, Oner F, Canter HI. Acceleration of distraction osteogenesis with drug-releasing distractor. J Craniofac Surg 2009;20:2041-8.

52. Urist MR, Mikulski A, Lietze A. Solubilized and insolubilized bone morphogenetic protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979;76:1828-32.

53. Felemovicius J, Ortiz Monasterio F, Gomez Radillo LS, Serna A. Determining the optimal time for consolidation after distraction osteogenesis. J Craniofac Surg 2000;11:430-6.

54. Mofid MM, Inoue N, Atabey A, Marti G, Chao EY, Manson PN, Vander Kolk CA. Callus stimulation in distraction osteogenesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109:1621-9.

55. Takamine Y, Tsuchiya H, Kitakoji T, Kurita K, Ono Y, Ohshima Y, Kitoh H, Ishiguro N, Iwata H. Distraction osteogenesis enhanced by osteoblastlike cells and collagen gel. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002:240-6.

56. Okazaki H, Kurokawa T, Nakamura K, Matsushita T, Mamada K, Kawaguchi H. Stimulation of bone formation by recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 in callotasis bone lengthening of rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int 1999;64:542-6.

57. Wang H, Li X, Tomin E, Doty SB, Lane JM, Carney DH, Ryaby JT. Thrombin peptide (TP508) promotes fracture repair by up-regulating inflammatory mediators, early growth factors, and increasing angiogenesis. J Orthop Res 2005;23:671-9.

58. Vallet-Regí M, Ruiz-González L, Izquierdo-Barba I. Revisiting silica based ordered mesoporous materials: medical applications. J Mater Chem 2006;16:26-31.

59. Vallet-Regí M. Ordered mesoporous materials in the context of drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering. Chemistry 2006;12:5934-43.

60. Jain RA. The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices. Biomaterials 2000;21:2475-90.

61. Shive MS, Anderson JM. Biodegradation and biocompatibility of PLA and PLGA microspheres. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997;28:5-24.