Recent progress of molybdenum-based nitrides/carbides catalysts for lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries stand out due to their high theoretical energy density, natural abundance of sulfur, and cost-effectiveness. Despite these advantages, challenges such as the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), electrode degradation, and safety concerns hinder commercialization. Recent advances have focused on integrating molybdenum-based (Mo-based) nitrides and carbides to address these issues. These materials offer advantages such as tunable compositions, adjustable lattice structures, semi-metallic conductivity, and enhanced catalytic activity and electron transport. In this mini-review, we delve into the unique physicochemical properties of Mo-based nitrides and carbides as well as the associated composites and their roles in improving the properties of Li-S batteries and discuss their applications as sulfur cathodes and interlayers, mechanisms of LiPSs adsorption, and effects on reaction kinetics. This mini-view aims to consolidate existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and inspire future advancements in Li-S battery technology, paving the way for high-performance, sustainable energy storage solutions.