fig1

Figure 1. Structure of human patatin-like phospholipases. The family of PNPLAs consists of 9 members (PNPLA1-PNPLA9) characterized by a patatin-like phospholipase domain. The first five members are subclassified into the adiponutrin (ADPN) group, while members PNPLA6-PNPLA7 belong to the neuropathy target esterase (NTE) group, and the last two members do not belong to either group. The PNPLA motif of PNPLA2-PNPLA9 typically contains a GXGXXG motif, a GXSXG motif, and a DGA/G motif. The active nucleophile site in the GXSXG motif and the proton acceptor site in the DGA/G motif are marked in red letters. Members of the NTE groups also have several cAMP/cGMP binding site motifs (CNMP-Bind), while PNPLA9 contains four ankyrin repeats. The numbers correspond to amino acid positions in human proteins. Motif search was done using the Expasy ScanProsite tool (https://prosite.expasy.org/scanprosite/) and protein sequences of individual PNPLA proteins were taken from GenBank sequence (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/) entries listed in Table 1.