fig1

Figure 1. The effect of antioxidants on mitochondria. Antioxidants contribute to the reduction of ROS levels. They also influence the processes of mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and inflammatory activity. Glucosamine, ferulic acid, melatonin, berberine, astaxanthin, coenzyme Q10, and lipoic acid are natural antioxidants. MitoQ, EUK-8, and EUK-134 are synthetic antioxidants. Glucosamine, ferulic acid, and melatonin activate SIRT1, stimulating the processes of mitophagy. Berberine, affecting AMPK, also activates mitophagy. Astaxanthin is a PPARa agonist that stimulates mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis by activating UCP-2 and CPT-1. Coenzyme Q10 inhibits NLRP3, suppressing inflammatory activity and activating biogenesis processes. Lipoic acid and MitoQ activate NRF-2, stimulating the processes of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. MitoQ, in addition to NRF-2, activates PINK, also stimulating mitophagy processes. EUK-8 and EUK-134 simulate the work of SOD by suppressing inflammatory activity.