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Figure 1. Mechanisms of cellular senescence. Senescence can be divided into different types including replicative senescence, oncogene-induced senescence, and stress-induced senescence. There are multiple different cellular inducers and mediators of senescence. The induction of senescence in a cell activates multiple different signaling mechanisms as a result of a DNA damage response (DDR), which inhibits cell cycle progression and results in a change in the morphology of the cell, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic changes, and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In the pathways presented in the figure, the red "play" button indicates activation of the pathway. ETC: Electron transport chain; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; SAHF: senescence-associated heterochromatin foci; CCF: cytoplasmic chromatin fragments. Created with BioRender.com software.