fig5

Figure 5. The effect of bacterial EVs on the host. (A) EVs-related proteinase activity measured with BODIPY FL casein as a substrate. The control sample was DPBS with substrate, without EVs. Statistical significance levels versus control are marked as ^**** for P < 0.0001, and ns when not significant; (B) The survival curve of Galleria mellonella larvae after the injection of EVs produced by L. plantarum (LpEV) and L. rhamnosus (LrEV). Injection with DPBS served as a control; (C) The metabolic activity and (D) LDH release by A549 epithelial cells following treatment with 5 × 10⁸ EVs produced by L. plantarum (LpEV) and L. rhamnosus (LrEV). Untreated epithelial cells and lysed cells served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Statistical significance levels versus control: ns when not significant. Evs: Extracellular vesicles; DPBS: Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline.