fig3

Figure 3. Bacterial extracellular vesicle (BEV) pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognize surface membrane and cytoplasmic host cell pattern recognition receptors and activate downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. Omp, LTA, and porin only bind to TLRs on the cell membrane surface. At the same time, both surface membrane and cytoplasmic receptors recognize the other PAMPs. AIM2: absent in melanoma 2; IRF: interferon regulatory transcription factor; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LTA: lipoteichoic acid; MAPK: mitogen-associated protein kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; NLR: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor; NLRP: NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein;Omp: outer membrane protein; PGN: peptidoglycan; STING: stimulator of interferon genes; TLR: toll-like receptor. Created with BioRender.com.