fig3

Figure 3. Schematic representation of EV-mediated Hippo and TLRs signaling. A: The Hippo pathway lacks a specific cell-surface receptor and is activated by receptors belonging to other pathways. When the Hippo is on, YAP/TAZ is unable to translocate into the nucleus; when the Hippo is off, YAP/TAZ translocates into the nucleus, activating transcription. EVs may lead to either YAP/TAZ retention/degradation in the cytoplasm or the activation of YAP/TAZ-mediated transcription; B: EVs are vehicles for horizontal dissemination of DAMPs and modulate the immune response via PRRs. TLRs localized in the plasma membrane are activated by DAMPs carried by EVs and TLRs localized in the cytoplasm by EV-associated nucleic acids, in both cases leading to the transcription of NF-B target genes. EV: Extracellular vesicles; TLRs: toll-like receptors; YAP: yes-associated protein; TAZ: transcription activator with PDZ binding motif; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; PRRs: pattern recognition receptors; NF-B: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.