fig1

Figure 1. Electrochemical biosensor for detection of EVs-related protein biomarkers. (A) Electrochemical paper sandwich immunosensor: capture, quantification, and identification of generic and ovarian cancer cell-derived EVs^[18]; (B) A sandwich-type electrochemical sensing platform for exosome enrichment and detection using Prussian blue/graphene oxide (PB/GO) and spiky Au@Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles^[77]; (C) An integrated 8-channel magnetic-electrochemical exosome (iMEX) platform for profiling protein markers in EVs^[78]; (D) A microfabricated device with gold electrodes for rapid and cost-effective multiplex analysis of EVs and microsomes^[79].