fig3

Figure 3. Pro-inflammatory TNF-α Activation of Primary Endothelial Cells for Capture of VCAM-1+ Endothelial Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on the Herringbone Device. (A) Schematic of Experiment; (B) displays the results of the VCAM-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) conducted on cell culture supernatants from human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under control and pro-inflammatory TNF-α conditions. Measurements were taken after 6 and 18 h of stimulation, with results presented as picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). The data represent the means ± standard deviation (SD) of twelve independent experiments per group. The significance level is denoted as ****P < 0.0001; (C) HUVEC-derived EC-EVs are positive for CD9, CD63, HSP70 and ALIX. Cell lysate is a HUVEC cell pellet; (D) Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis of HUVEC-derived EC-EVs; (E) Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) analysis of control and TNF-α stimulated HUVEC-derived extracellular vesicles captured on the VCAM-1- ^EVHB-Chip. The significance level is denoted as ****P < 0.0001.