fig2

Figure 2. Primary Endothelial Cell Activation with Pro-inflammatory TNF-α and Capture to the VCAM-1- ^EVHB-Chip. (A) Schematic of Experiment; (B) VCAM-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) conducted on cell culture supernatants from human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under control and pro-inflammatory TNF-α conditions. Measurements were taken after 6 and 18 h of stimulation, with results presented as picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). The data represent the means ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments per group. Statistical analysis was performed using a Student's t-test. The significance level is denoted as ****P < 0.0001; (C) representative microscope image of IgG- ^EVHB-Chip as a control; (D-F) VCAM-1⁺ endothelial cells captured to the VCAM-1- ^EVHB-Chip. The white signal/dots are DAPI-stained TNF-α stimulated HUVECs captured on the VCAM-1- ^EVHB-Chip; (E) Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) analysis of control and TNF-α stimulated HUVECs. Data are based on three independent experiments per group. The significance level is denoted as ****P < 0.0001.