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Figure 4. Role of BV2-derived exosomes on neuronal dendritic spines. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing hippocampal spine density & expression of vGlut1 and GAD65, after exposure of hippocampal neurons with MDEVs from control, Tat, NLRP3 silenced and NLRP3 silenced- Tat treated BV2 cells. Scale bar: 2 µm. (B) Quantitative analysis of vGlut1 and GAD65 via Image J Launcher software. (C) Quantification of spine numbers in different groups of neurons via Neurolucida software. (D-G) Quantification of spine sub-types in different groups of neurons via Neurolucida software. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs. siControl MDEV, ^#P < 0.05 vs. Tat-MDEV. One-way ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc tests, was used for statistical analysis. Scramb: scrambled siRNA (small interfering RNA); NLRP3: NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3; vGLUT1: vesicular glutamate transporters; GAD65: glutamic acid decarboxylase; Tat: trans-activator of transcription.