fig1

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the biogenesis, release, structure, and uptake of PELNVs. PELNVs are formed by inward budding of the cell membrane and are produced by MVBs (also called late endosomes). The membrane of MVBs expands inwardly to fuse with the plasma membrane to release their intraluminal vesicles into the extracellular space (called exosomes) or fuse with lysosomes for degradation. In this process, proteins, nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, mRNA, miRNA), and lipid rafts are packed into PELNVs. A variety of mechanisms mediate the uptake of PELNVs, including the fusion of PELNVs with the cell membrane of recipient cells, resulting in the release of PELNVs cargo into the cytoplasm, uptaking by receptor-ligand interactions, endocytosis, and phagocytosis. PELNVs: Plant exosome-like nanovesicles.