fig2
From: Nucleic acid functionalized extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic systems for nanomedicine

Figure 2. Engineering strategies for nucleic acid-functionalized extracellular vesicles: (A) membrane modification by using 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine insertion, click chemistry, and covalent modification; (B) ultrasonic oscillations mediate nucleic acid loading; (C) nucleic acid loading mediated by extrusion; (D) nucleic acid loading mediated by electroporation; and (E) nucleic acid loading mediated by an auxiliary reagent.