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A review of the preparation and characterization techniques for closed pores in hard carbon and their functions in sodium-ion batteries

Figure 5. HC with a large number of closed pore structures prepared by physical treatment. (A) Schematic illustration of the structural evolution process of PHC and PSC[136] (Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society). (B) The effects of the oxygen functionalities on the evolution of carbon structure of 325-12 during carbonization[137] (Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd). (C) Schematic of the synthesis of HCMP-CO2[138] (Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH).

Energy Materials
ISSN 2770-5900 (Online)
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