fig1

Figure 1. Schematic illustrations of the disadvantages of single SSEs or fillers, advantages of CSSEs, and design methods. Reproduced from Ref.^[36] with permission. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced from Ref.^[27] with permission. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced from Ref.^[37] with permission. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced from Ref.^[38] with permission. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. Reproduced from Ref.^[39] with permission. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced from Ref.^[40] with permission. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society Reproduced from Ref.^[41] with permission. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society Reproduced from Ref.^[42] with permission. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced from Ref.^[43] with permission. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced from Ref.^[44] with permission. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced from Ref.^[45] with permission. Copyright 2019, PNAS. Reproduced from Ref.^[46] with permission. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.