fig4

Figure 4. Precious metal-based electrocatalysts for HER in AEMWE. (A) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of c-PRP DWNT/C; (B) in situ Ru K-edge XANES spectra and (C) in situ Pt L-edge XANES spectra for c-PRP DWNT/C^[118]. Copyright 2024 John Wiley & Sons; (D) Schematic representation of the fabrication steps for Pt@S-NiFe LDH; (E) Digital images showcasing hydrogen release behavior^[119]. Copyright 2023 John Wiley & Sons; (F) Polarization curves of AEM water electrolyzer using Ru SAs/WC_x; (G) Durability cell voltage-time plots for the AEMWE based on Ru SAs/WC_x^[121]. Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society. AEMWE: Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis; XANES: X-ray absorption near-edge structure; AEM: anion exchange membrane; c-PRP DWNT/C: Heusler-type PtRuP₂ double-walled nanotube; Pt@S-NiFe LDH: Pt quantum dots on sulfur-doped NiFe layered double hydroxide; Ru SAs/WC_x: Ru SA catalyst anchored on tungsten carbide; SA: single-atom.