fig1

Figure 1. (A) Components of cylindrical LIBs^[11]. Copyright 2020 Wiley^[12]. (B) Composition of the conventional rechargeable battery^[12]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society^[12]. (C) Average Li₂CO₃ price from 2013 to 2023^[24]. (D) Global lithium reserves according to USGS 2023 data. (E) Global cobalt reserves according to USGS 2023 data. (F) Global nickel reserves from USGS 2023 data. (G) Global lithium mine production proportions, 2016-2021. (H) Global cobalt mine production proportions, 2016-2021. (I) Global nickel mine production proportions, 2016-2021. (D-I) Figures reprinted with permission from Ref.^[29]. Copyright 2023 Springer^[29].