fig13

Figure 13. Schematic illustrations of in-situ/operando techniques in CO₂RR. (A) In-situ ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy; (B) In-situ/operando Raman spectroscopy. This figure is quoted with permission from Dutta et al. Copyright (2023) Elsevier^[175]. (C) In-situ/operando XAS. This figure is quoted with permission from Song et al. Copyright (2023) John Wiley and Sons^[180]. CO₂RR: CO₂ reduction reaction; XAS: X-ray absorption spectroscopy; ATR-FT-IR: attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared.