fig4

Figure 4. (A) TEM image of the interface of as prepared Cr₂O₃-CoO_x cathodes (B) pH values of bulk seawater around CoO_x and Cr₂O₃-CoO_x cathodes. (C) Schematic illustration of local alkaline microenvironment generation on Lewis acid-modified cathode, which facilitates HER and prevents precipitate formation. (D) XRD spectra of CoO_x and Cr₂O₃-CoO_x cathodes after operating at 100 mA cm^-2 for 2 h. This figure is quoted with permission from Guo et al. Copyright (2023) Springer Nature^[52]. (E) Comparison of Ru-seawater interface and bioinspired Cu@Ru_nc-seawater interface for seawater hydrogen production. (F) Ion contents of Mg and Ca in seawater of different catalysts after chronopotentiometry tests. (E and F) This figure is quoted with permission from Li et al. Copyright (2024) Wiley-VCH GmbH^[83].