fig1

Figure 1. (A) Operational temperature range of typical electrolyte types, including both liquid and solid electrolytes. Each electrolyte type is represented by a different color. The dashed bars indicate the temperature ranges for specific electrolytes as follows: Red for Li_9.54[Si_0.6Ge_0.4]_1.74P_1.44S_11.1Br_0.3O_0.6^[20], green for Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂^[12], violet for Li_6.6P_0.4Ge_0.6S₅I^[21], and orange for 1 M LiPF₆ in EC/DMC (1:1 wt%)^[15]. The lower temperature limits for all the electrolytes are determined based on their ionic conductivity, specifically when it reaches approximately ~1 mS cm^-1. The flash point is indicated by a red cross^[11]; (B) Schematic of a monopolar design of liquid-type battery (top) and a bipolar design of ASSBs (bottom)^[18]. Reproduced with permission^[18] Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (C) Calculated volumetric and gravimetric energy densities of ASSBs based on cell parameters^[19]. Reproduced with permission^[19]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. ASSBs: All-solid-state batteries; EC/DMC: ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate.