fig3

Figure 3. Correlations between electrolyte feature and electrochemical performance of Zn anodes. (A) Ionic conductivity of the three electrolytes; (B) Temperature change vs. time during the heatwaitseek mode of three hybrid electrolytes; (C) Electrochemical stability windows of three hybrid electrolytes measured by linear sweep voltammetry curves at a scan rate of 2 mV s^-1; (D) The optimized structures and the corresponding binding energies between a Zn²⁺ ion and a solvent(s) from DFT calculations; FTIR spectra showing (E) the O-H stretching vibration of H₂O and (F) the B-F stretching vibration of BF₄^- for three hybrid electrolytes; Schematics showing the Zn deposition behaviors on the Zn anode in (G) G4-based; (H) PC-based; and (I) DMFbased hybrid electrolytes. Color mapping: Zn gray, C blue, O red, H white, B green, F yellow, N purple. DFT: Density functional theory; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared; PC: Propylene carbonate; DMF: Dimethylformamide.