fig12

Figure 12. (A) Process of creating orderly, multi-level porous carbon-based photothermal material. (B) Schematic of the daytime evaporation and volatilization outpace convection and diffusion. Ionic species of salt experience enrichment and accumulation. (C) Night-time convection and diffusion exceed natural volatilization, diluting and expelling salt ions. (D) (D-1) Picture of natural rattan and inset depicts a reed diffuser, (D-2) carbon-treated rattan, (D-3) and (D-4) SEM micrographs of the top section of natural and carbonized rattan, respectively, (D-5) SEM micrograph of the side section of the carbonized rattan, (D-6) SEM micrograph of the wall of the channel C1 and (D-7) Close-up view of SEM micrograph of carbon-treated rattan. (E) Salt expulsion experiment photos using carbonized rattan. (F) Salt expulsion depicted through vertical (G). The SRE device represents the temperature distribution after 10 min of irradiation. (H) Real-time optical image of the SRE integrated device in outdoor environment. (I) Salt expulsion experiment photos using carbonized cotton column. (J) Salt expulsion depicted through a tortuous path. Reprinted with permission from ref.^[149]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier.