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Figure 3. (A) Differential charge density distributions of active Ru atom for RuNP@DC-1 and adsorbed H₂O. (B) Volcano plot of theoretical η_HERvs. ΔE_H*. (C) Kinetic barrier of H₂O dissociation for different models. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[76], © WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 2021. (D) Atomic structures of Ru55 supported on O-doped graphene with dispersed metal atoms obtained by DFT calculations. (E) Wavelet transforms for the k²-weighted EXAFS signals of Ir_NP@Ir_SA-N-C. (F) Schematic illustration of the synergistic effect mechanism between IrN₄ sites and Ir NPs. (G) The metal mass activities of different catalysts at 0.6 V in H₂-O₂ PEMFC.