fig5

Figure 5. (A) CV diagrams of Cu(111) and Cu(100) electrodes. (B) Binding energy of Li UPD on Cu. (C) Schematic diagrams of the formation of Li UPD layers and the nucleation and deposition of bulk lithium with specific crystallographic orientation. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[66]. Copyright 2018 WILEY. (D) Schematic diagrams of the deposition of lithium on substrates sputtered with different orientation-preferred Cu coating (top) and corresponding cycle performance (bottom). Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[71]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. (E) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of wrinkled Cu. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[72]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (F) Schematic diagram of the preparation of GO paper by means of thermal shock. (G) Theoretical calculation of the defect-induced nucleation of lithium in graphene. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[73]. Copyright 2014 Macmillan. (H) Schematic illustration of deposition process of lithium on Cu, Ti₃CNT_x film, Ti₃CNT_x powder, and Ti₃CNT_x fiber membrane. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[74]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier.