fig4

Figure 4. (A) Sequential SEM images during Li electrodeposition/dissolution processes based on a wolfram film with a thickness of 90 nm and a LiPON electrolyte at 50 μA cm^-2. (B) Schematic illustration of liquid confining cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[59]. Copyright (2017) Elsevier. (C) Preserving and stabilizing Li by cryo-EM. (D) Atomic-resolution TEM images of Li metal and SEI. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[62]. Copyright (2017) American Association for the Advancement of Science. (E) AFM (two-dimensional, 2D) images of buckled surface topography from three RTIL electrolytes: no-salt P₁₄ TFSI; 1.0 M Li TFSI in P₁₄ TFSI; 1.0 M Li FSI in P₁₄ TFSI. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[66]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society. (F) SECM cell for battery electrodes including photograph, cross-sectional schematic, reactions at the microelectrode (ME) and sample during imaging (ME radius and ME-sample distance are enlarged for clarity). (G) Sequence of SECM feedback images recorded at different charge/discharge processes. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[67]. Copyright (2020) Wiley-VCH. (H) Sketch of X-ray tomography setup. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[70]. Copyright (2013) American Association for the Advancement of Science. (I) X-ray tomography slices showing cross sections of symmetric lithium cells cycled to various stages and magnified 3D reconstructed volumes of cells. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[71]. Copyright (2014) Springer Nature.