fig3

Figure 3. (A) Electronegativities and Δ_rG of various elements that are able to react with molten Li in the periodic table. The elements in green and blue represent those that could react with molten Li by forming new chemical bonds, which is responsible for the improved wettability, while red represents the elements that could not react with the molten Li^[47]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (B) Fabrication of a layered Li-rGO composite film that consists of a GO film (left), a sparked rGO film (middle) and a layered Li-rGO composite film (right)^[48]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. (C) Comparison of lithiophilicity of different substrates with and without the Si coating^[49]. Copyright 2016, National Academy of Sciences. (D) Schematic of synthesis process of carbon fiber CF/Ag-Li. The CF with electroplated Ag layer (CF/Ag), only the surface of CF is covered with molten Li [CF/Ag-Li(I)] and the CF framework is completely covered by molten Li [CF/Ag-Li(II)]^[54]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (E) Different Li nucleation and plating processes on N-doped graphene and Cu-foil electrodes and the SEM image of Li deposits at a low current density of 0.05 mA cm^-2 for 10 h^[57]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. (F) Thin Al layer reacted with Li to generate a binary Li-Al alloy phase, which functioned as the lithiophilic sites to ensure homogeneous growth of Li^[60]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.