REFERENCES
1. Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation 2016;134:441-50.
2. Kodaman N, Aldrich MC, Sobota R, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in ghana during the rural-to-urban transition: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2016;11:e0162753.
3. Ranzani OT, Kalra A, Di Girolamo C, et al. Urban-rural differences in hypertension prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries, 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2022;19:e1004079.
4. Sani RN, Connelly PJ, Toft M, et al. Rural-urban difference in the prevalence of hypertension in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens 2022; doi: 10.1038/s41371-022-00688-8.
5. Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, et al. PURE (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology) study investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA 2013;310:959-68.
6. Nambiar L, LeWinter MM, VanBuren PC, Dauerman HL. Decade-long temporal trends in U.S. hypertension-related cardiovascular mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:2644-6.
7. Ku E, Lee BJ, Wei J, Weir MR. Hypertension in CKD: core curriculum 2019. Am J Kidney Dis 2019;74:120-31.
8. Lee S, Oh HJ, Lee EK, et al. Blood pressure control during chronic kidney disease progression. Am J Hypertens 2017;30:610-6.
9. Muntner P, Anderson A, Charleston J, et al. Chronic renal insufficiency cohort (CRIC) study investigators. hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in adults with ckd: results from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort (CRIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;55:441-51.
10. Horowitz B, Miskulin D, Zager P. Epidemiology of hypertension in CKD. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015;22:88-95.
11. Kaze FF, Meto DT, Halle MP, Ngogang J, Kengne AP. Prevalence and determinants of chronic kidney disease in rural and urban cameroonians: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol 2015;16:117.
12. Jafar TH, Ramakrishnan C, John O, et al. Access to CKD care in rural communities of India: a qualitative study exploring the barriers and potential facilitators. BMC Nephrol 2020;21:26.
13. Wang Q, Xu L, Sun L, et al. Rural-urban difference in blood pressure measurement frequency among elderly with hypertension: a cross-sectional study in Shandong, China. J Health Popul Nutr 2018;37:25.
14. Wang X, Hao G, Chen L, et al. Hypertension-mediated organ damage and established cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension: the China hypertension survey, 2012-2015. J Hum Hypertens 2022;36:1092-8.
15. Abegaz TM, Tefera YG, Befekadu Abebe T. Target organ damage and the long term effect of nonadherence to clinical practice guidelines in patients with hypertension: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Hypertens 2017;2017:2637051.
16. Walker RC, Hay S, Walker C, Tipene-Leach D, Palmer SC. Exploring rural and remote patients’ experiences of health services for kidney disease in Aotearoa New Zealand: an in-depth interview study. Nephrology 2022;27:421-9.
17. Chang AR, Lóser M, Malhotra R, Appel LJ. Blood pressure goals in patients with CKD: a review of evidence and guidelines. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019;14:161-9.
18. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al. ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1575-85.
19. Hoffer-Hawlik M, Moran A, Zerihun L, Usseglio J, Cohn J, Gupta R. Telemedicine interventions for hypertension management in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review. PLoS One 2021;16:e0254222.
20. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2021;99:S1-S87.
21. Dodoo JE, Al-Samarraie H, Alsswey A. The development of telemedicine programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: progress and associated challenges. Health Technol 2022;12:33-46.
22. Chow R, et al. Digital health technology and hypertension management: a qualitative analysis of patient and specialist provider preferences on data tracking. Connected Health 2022; 1:p. 72-84.
23. Whitelaw S, Pellegrini DM, Mamas MA, Cowie M, Van Spall HGC. Barriers and facilitators of the uptake of digital health technology in cardiovascular care: a systematic scoping review. Eur Heart J Digit Health 2021;2:62-74.
24. Jeemon P, Séverin T, Amodeo C, et al. World heart federation roadmap for hypertension - a 2021 update. Glob Heart 2021;16:63.
25. Riva-Rocci S. Gazzetta medica di Torino. 1896. 47. p. 981-1001.
26. Korotkoff N. To the question of methods of determining the blood pressure. Rep Imp Mil Acad; 1905. 11. p. 365-367.
27. Cohen JB, Padwal RS, Gutkin M, et al. History and justification of a national blood pressure measurement validated device listing. Hypertension 2019;73:258-64.
28. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:e127-248.
29. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. modification of diet in renal disease study group. N Engl J Med 1994;330:877-84.
30. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. African American study of kidney disease and hypertension study group. effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 2002;288:2421-31.
31. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al. REIN-2 Study Group. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:939-46.
32. Jahromi S, Haghighi G, Roozbeh J, Ebrahimi V. Comparisons between different blood pressure measurement techniques in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2019;38:212-9.
33. Peters G.L., Binder S.K., Campbell N.R. The effect of crossing legs on blood pressure: a randomized single-blind cross-over study. Blood Press Monit, 1999. 4: p. 97-101.
34. Palatini P, Asmar R. Cuff challenges in blood pressure measurement. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018;20:1100-3.
35. Agarwal R. Implications of blood pressure measurement technique for implementation of systolic blood pressure intervention trial (SPRINT). J Am Heart Assoc 2017:6.
36. Johnson KC, Whelton PK, Cushman WC, et al. SPRINT Research Group. Blood pressure measurement in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial). Hypertension 2018;71:848-57.
37. Screening for high blood pressure in adults: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2015;163:778-86.
38. Parati G, Stergiou G, O'Brien E, et al. European society of hypertension working group on blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular variability. European society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2014;32:1359-66.
39. Nagaraju SP, Shenoy SV, Rao IR, Bhojaraja MV, Rangaswamy D, Prabhu RA. Measurement of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease: time to change our clinical practice - a comprehensive review. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2022;15:1-16.
40. Thomas G, Drawz PE. BP Measurement techniques: what they mean for patients with kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018;13:1124-31.
41. Muntner P, Shimbo D, Carey RM, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in humans: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Hypertension 2019;73:e35-66.
42. Kario K. Home blood pressure-guided anticipation management of hypertension: effective to the gap between the guidelines and the individualized medicine. Curr Hypertens Rev 2019;15:2-6.
43. Kario K, Thijs L, Staessen JA. Blood pressure measurement and treatment decisions. Circ Res 2019;124:990-1008.
44. Suzuki D, Hoshide S, Kario K. Associations between day-by-day home blood pressure variability and renal function and albuminuria in patients with and without diabetes. Am J Hypertens 2020;33:860-8.
45. Tanner RM, Shimbo D, Dreisbach AW, Carson AP, Fox ER, Muntner P. Association between 24-hour blood pressure variability and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional analysis of African Americans participating in the Jackson heart study. BMC Nephrol 2015;16:84.
46. Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, D'Arrigo G, et al. Blood pressure variability, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019;14:233-40.
47. Niiranen TJ, Hänninen MR, Johansson J, Reunanen A, Jula AM. Home-measured blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than office blood pressure: the finn-home study. Hypertension 2010;55:1346-51.
48. McManuss R, et al. Targets and self-management for the control of blood pressure in stroke and at risk groups (TASMIN-SR): a randomised controlled trial. Jhh :, 2013. 27(10).
49. Borkum M, Levin A, Williams J, Bevilacqua M. The patient-provider gap: a cross-sectional survey to understand barriers and motivating factors for home blood pressure monitoring in a CKD cohort. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2023;10:20543581231156850.
50. McManus RJ, Mant J, Bray EP, et al. Telemonitoring and self-management in the control of hypertension (TASMINH2): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376:163-72.
51. McKinstry B, Hanley J, Wild S, et al. Telemonitoring based service redesign for the management of uncontrolled hypertension: multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;346:f3030.
52. Watson AJ, Singh K, Myint-U K, et al. Evaluating a web-based self-management program for employees with hypertension and prehypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J 2012;164:625-31.
53. Nakanishi M, Mizuno T, Mizokami F, et al. Impact of pharmacist intervention for blood pressure control in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021;46:114-20.
54. Bosworth HB, Olsen MK, Grubber JM, et al. Two self-management interventions to improve hypertension control: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:687-95.
55. Omboni S, McManus RJ, Bosworth HB, et al. Evidence and recommendations on the use of telemedicine for the management of arterial hypertension: an international expert position paper. Hypertension 2020;76:1368-83.
56. Omboni S, Panzeri E, Campolo L. E-health in hypertension management: an insight into the current and future role of blood pressure telemonitoring. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020;22:42.
58. Parati G, Omboni S, Palatini P, et al. Italian society of hypertension guidelines for conventional and automated blood pressure measurement in the office, at home and over 24 hours. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2008;15:283-310.
59. Zullig LL, Melnyk SD, Goldstein K, Shaw RJ, Bosworth HB. The role of home blood pressure telemonitoring in managing hypertensive populations. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013;15:346-55.
60. Duan Y, Xie Z, Dong F, et al. Effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. J Hum Hypertens 2017;31:427-37.
61. Choi WS, Kim NS, Kim AY, Woo HS. Nurse-coordinated blood pressure telemonitoring for urban hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:6892.
62. Choi WS, Shin IS, Yang JS. Understanding moderators of home blood pressure telemonitoring systems in urban hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Telemed J E Health 2020;26:1016-34.
63. Omboni S, Gazzola T, Carabelli G, Parati G. Clinical usefulness and cost effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Hypertens 2013;31:455-67; discussion 467.
64. McManus RJ, Mant J, Franssen M, et al. TASMINH4 investigators. efficacy of self-monitored blood pressure, with or without telemonitoring, for titration of antihypertensive medication (TASMINH4): an unmasked randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2018;391:949-59.
65. Omboni S, Ferrari R. The role of telemedicine in hypertension management: focus on blood pressure telemonitoring. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015;17:535.
66. Lee SWH, Ooi L, Lai YK. Telemedicine for the management of glycemic control and clinical outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Front Pharmacol 2017;8:330.
67. Artinian NT, Washington OG, Templin TN. Effects of home telemonitoring and community-based monitoring on blood pressure control in urban african americans: a pilot study. Heart Lung 2001;30:191-9.
68. Aquino M, Munce S, Griffith J, Pakosh M, Munnery M, Seto E. Exploring the use of telemonitoring for patients at high risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the antepartum and postpartum periods: scoping review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020;8:e15095.
69. Sheppard JP, Tucker KL, Davison WJ, et al. Self-monitoring of blood pressure in patients with hypertension-related multi-morbidity: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2020;33:243-51.
70. Omboni S, Mancinelli A, Rizzi F, Parati G. TEMPLAR (TEleMonitoring of blood Pressure in Local phARmacies) Project Group. Telemonitoring of 24-hour blood pressure in local pharmacies and blood pressure control in the community: the templar project. Am J Hypertens 2019;32:629-39.
71. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit 2013;18:8-15.
72. Daelemans R, Verhoeven W, Drijbooms M. Home blood pressure measurement (hbpm)+ telemonitoring (tm) in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd) in a care program: a pilot study. in ESC congress, Spain, Barcelona. 2014.
73. Lin YF, Sheng LH, Wu MY, et al. A study of renal function influence by integrating cloud-based manometers and physician order entry systems. J Chin Med Assoc 2014;77:642-7.
74. Sawai A, Yasuda Y, Susumu S, Kato S, Naruyama S. Fp096seasonal home blood pressure variation among patients with ckd: an observational study by using new telemonitoring system. Nephrol Dial Transpl 2015;30:iii98-iii98.
75. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, et al. Center for innovative kidney care. telehealth by an interprofessional team in patients with CKD: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2016;68:41-9.
76. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-based self-management system into usual care of advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;11:1054-62.
77. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, et al. Feasibility of telemonitoring blood pressure in patients with kidney disease (oxford heart and renal protection study-1): observational study. JMIR Cardio 2018;2:e11332.
78. Luo L, Ye M, Tan J, et al. Telehealth for the management of blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. J Telemed Telecare 2019;25:80-92.
79. Muneer S, Okpechi IG, Ye F, et al. Impact of home telemonitoring and management support on blood pressure control in nondialysis CKD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2022;9:20543581221106248.
80. Silva GV, de Barros S, Abensur H, Ortega KC, Mion D Jr; Cochrane renal group prospective trial register: crg060800146. home blood pressure monitoring in blood pressure control among haemodialysis patients: an open randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:3805-11.
81. Agarwal R, Satyan S, Alborzi P, et al. Home blood pressure measurements for managing hypertension in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2009;30:126-34.
82. Bansal N, McCulloch CE, Lin F, et al. CRIC study investigators*. Blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular events in patients on chronic hemodialysis: the CRIC study (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort). Hypertension 2017;70:435-43.
83. Miskulin DC, Jiang H, Gul A, et al. Comparison of dialysis unit and home blood pressures: an observational cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 2021;78:640-8.
84. Ari E, Fici F, Robles NR. Hypertension in kidney transplant recipients: where are we today? Curr Hypertens Rep 2021;23:21.
85. Opelz G, Döhler B. Collaborative transplant study. improved long-term outcomes after renal transplantation associated with blood pressure control. Am J Transplant 2005;5:2725-31.
86. Agena F, Prado Edos S, Souza PS, et al. Home blood pressure (BP) monitoring in kidney transplant recipients is more adequate to monitor BP than office BP. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:3745-9.
87. Biebuyck GKM, Neradova A, de Fijter CWH, Jakulj L. Impact of telehealth interventions added to peritoneal dialysis-care: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol 2022;23:292.
88. Lew SQ, Wallace EL, Srivatana V, et al. Telehealth for home dialysis in covid-19 and beyond: a perspective from the american society of nephrology COVID-19 home dialysis subcommittee. Am J Kidney Dis 2021;77:142-8.
89. Liyanage-Don N, Fung D, Phillips E, Kronish IM. Implementing home blood pressure monitoring into clinical practice. Curr Hypertens Rep 2019;21:14.
90. Palacholla RS, Fischer N, Coleman A, et al. Provider- and patient-related barriers to and facilitators of digital health technology adoption for hypertension management: scoping review. JMIR Cardio 2019;3:e11951.
91. Zhao Y, Yang L, Yu S, et al. Blood pressure variability and prognosis in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Dis 2021;7:411-24.
92. Sarafidis PA, Ruilope LM, Loutradis C, et al. Blood pressure variability increases with advancing chronic kidney disease stage: a cross-sectional analysis of 16 546 hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2018;36:1076-85.
93. Parati G, Ochoa JE, Lombardi C, Bilo G. Blood pressure variability: assessment, predictive value, and potential as a therapeutic target. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015;17:537.
94. United States renal data system. annual data report: end stage renal disease. chapter 2: home dialysis. 2021. Available from: https://adr.usrds.org/2021/end-stage-renal-disease/2-home-dialysis. [Last accessed on 31 Mar 2022].
95. Agarwal R, Bills JE, Hecht TJ, Light RP. Role of home blood pressure monitoring in overcoming therapeutic inertia and improving hypertension control: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 2011;57:29-38.
96. Tucker KL, Sheppard JP, Stevens R, et al. Self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2017;14:e1002389.
97. Rucker D, Hemmelgarn BR, Lin M, et al. Quality of care and mortality are worse in chronic kidney disease patients living in remote areas. Kidney Int 2011;79:210-7.
98. Bello AK, Hemmelgarn B, Lin M, et al. Impact of remote location on quality care delivery and relationships to adverse health outcomes in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:3849-55.
99. Clark D 3rd, Woods J, Zhang Y, Chandra S, Summers RL, Jones DW. Home blood pressure telemonitoring with remote hypertension management in a rural and low-income population. Hypertension 2021;78:1927-9.
100. Venuthurupalli SK, Rolfe A, Fanning J, Cameron A. Chronic kidney disease, queensland (ckd.qld) registry: management of CKD with telenephrology. Kidney Int Rep 2018;3:1336-43.
101. Stokes K, Oronti B, Cappuccio FP, Pecchia L. Use of technology to prevent, detect, manage and control hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022;12:e058840.
102. Owoyemi A, Osuchukwu JI, Azubuike C, et al. Digital solutions for community and primary health workers: lessons from implementations in Africa. Front Digit Health 2022;4:876957.
103. Abdullah A, Liew SM, Hanafi NS, et al. What influences patients' acceptance of a blood pressure telemonitoring service in primary care? Patient Prefer Adher 2016;10:99-106.
104. Citoni B, Figliuzzi I, Presta V, Volpe M, Tocci G. Home blood pressure and telemedicine: a modern approach for managing hypertension during and after COVID-19 pandemic. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2022;29:1-14.
105. Feitosa FGAM, Feitosa ADM, Paiva AMG, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood pressure control: a nationwide home blood pressure monitoring study. Hypertens Res 2022;45:364-8.
106. Wood PW, Boulanger P, Padwal RS. Home blood pressure telemonitoring: rationale for use, required elements, and barriers to implementation in Canada. Can J Cardiol 2017;33:619-25.
107. Parati G, Dolan E, McManus RJ, Omboni S. Home blood pressure telemonitoring in the 21st century. J Clin Hypertens 2018;20:1128-32.
108. Okpechi IG, Zaidi D, Ye F, et al. Telemonitoring and case management for hypertensive and remote-dwelling patients with chronic kidney disease-the telemonitoring for improved kidney outcomes study (tiko): a clinical research protocol. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2022;9:20543581221077500.
109. Thilly N, Chanliau J, Frimat L, et al. Cost-effectiveness of home telemonitoring in chronic kidney disease patients at different stages by a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (eNephro): rationale and study design. BMC Nephrol 2017;18:126.
111. Omboni S, Padwal RS, Alessa T, et al. The worldwide impact of telemedicine during COVID-19: current evidence and recommendations for the future. Connect Health 2022;1:7-35.
112. Okpechi IG, Muneer S, Ye F, et al. Global ehealth capacity: secondary analysis of WHO data on ehealth and implications for kidney care delivery in low-resource settings. BMJ Open 2022;12:e055658.
113. Schutte AE, Srinivasapura Venkateshmurthy N, Mohan S, Prabhakaran D. Hypertension in low- and middle-income countries. Circ Res 2021;128:808-26.
114. Mukkamala R, Stergiou GS, Avolio AP. Cuffless blood pressure measurement. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022;24:203-30.
115. Schutte AE, Kollias A, Stergiou GS. Blood pressure and its variability: classic and novel measurement techniques. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022;19:643-54.
116. Stauss M, Htay H, Kooman JP, Lindsay T, Woywodt A. Wearables in nephrology: fanciful gadgetry or prêt-à-porter? Sensors 2023;23:1361.
117. Lahens NF, Rahman M, Cohen JB, et al. Time-specific associations of wearable sensor-based cardiovascular and behavioral readouts with disease phenotypes in the outpatient setting of the chronic renal insufficiency cohort. Digit Health 2022;8:20552076221107903.
118. Chaikijurajai T, Laffin LJ, Tang WHW. Artificial intelligence and hypertension: recent advances and future outlook. Am J Hypertens 2020;33:967-74.
119. Kanegae H, Suzuki K, Fukatani K, Ito T, Harada N, Kario K. Highly precise risk prediction model for new-onset hypertension using artificial intelligence techniques. J Clin Hypertens 2020;22:445-50.
