fig1

Figure 1. Effect of HCQ on CD25 activation on ex-vivo and in-vitro CD4 T cells from GPA patients. (A) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy control (HC) donors were co-cultured with 10% plasma from HCQ-treated GPA patients (n = 4), HCQ-untreated GPA patients (n = 5) or HC plasma (n = 5) for 5 days. PBMCs from HC were co-cultured with (B) HCQ-untreated GPA plasma or (C) HC plasma samples with or without 3 µM HCQ treatment. Following co-culture for 5 days, PBMCs were stained with antibodies for CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD25 and evaluated by flow cytometry to identify lymphocyte subsets expressing CD25. Statistical significance was calculated by (A) Mann-Whitney test and (B) and (C) two-way ANOVA grouped analysis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.