REFERENCES
1. Harik L, Sandner S, Gaudino M. Unanswered questions on coronary artery graft patency and clinical outcomes. Curr Opin Cardiol 2023;38:441-6.
2. Gaudino M, Antoniades C, Benedetto U, et al. Mechanisms, consequences, and prevention of coronary graft failure. Circulation 2017;136:1749-64.
3. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2022;145:e4-17.
4. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2019;40:87-165.
5. Chan J, Dimagli A, Dong T, Fudulu DP, Sinha S, Angelini GD. Trend and factors associated with multiple arterial revascularization in coronary artery bypass grafting in the UK. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2022;62:ezac284.
6. Schwann TA, Habib RH, Wallace A, et al. Operative outcomes of multiple-arterial versus single-arterial coronary bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2018;105:1109-19.
7. Taggart DP, Altman DG, Gray AM, et al. Randomized trial of bilateral versus single internal-thoracic-artery grafts. N Engl J Med 2016;375:2540-9.
8. Lazar HL. The risk of mediastinitis and deep sternal wound infections with single and bilateral, pedicled and skeletonized internal thoracic arteries. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7:663-72.
9. Caliskan E, de Souza DR, Böning A, et al. Saphenous vein grafts in contemporary coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17:155-69.
10. Dimagli A, Soletti G Jr, Harik L, et al. Angiographic outcomes for arterial and venous conduits used in CABG. J Clin Med 2023;12:2022.
11. Gaudino M, Benedetto U, Fremes SE, et al. Angiographic outcome of coronary artery bypass grafts: the radial artery database international alliance. Ann Thorac Surg 2020;109:688-94.
12. Deng MX, Lia H, Lee G, et al. Angiographic patency of coronary artery bypass conduits: an updated network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2022;37:7-31.
13. Buxton BF, Hayward PA, Raman J, et al. Long-term results of the RAPCO trials. Circulation 2020;142:1330-8.
14. Gaudino M, Di Franco A, Bhatt DL, et al. The association between coronary graft patency and clinical status in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2021;42:1433-41.
15. Gaudino M, Sandner S, An KR, et al. Graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting and its association with patient characteristics and clinical events: a pooled individual patient data analysis of clinical trials with imaging follow-up. Circulation 2023;148:1305-15.
16. Glineur D, Grau JB, Etienne PY, et al. Impact of preoperative fractional flow reserve on arterial bypass graft anastomotic function: the IMPAG trial. Eur Heart J 2019;40:2421-8.
17. Harskamp RE, Alexander JH, Ferguson TB Jr, et al. Frequency and predictors of internal mammary artery graft failure and subsequent clinical outcomes: insights from the project of ex-vivo vein graft engineering via transfection (PREVENT) IV trial. Circulation 2016;133:131-8.
18. Hamilton GW, Raman J, Moten S, et al. Radial artery vs. internal thoracic artery or saphenous vein grafts: 15-year results of the RAPCO trials. Eur Heart J 2023;44:2406-8.
19. Gaudino M, Benedetto U, Fremes S, et al. Association of radial artery graft vs saphenous vein graft with long-term cardiovascular outcomes among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2020;324:179-87.
20. Taggart DP, Benedetto U, Gerry S, et al. Bilateral versus single internal-thoracic-artery grafts at 10 years. N Engl J Med 2019;380:437-46.
21. Harskamp RE, Lopes RD, Baisden CE, de Winter RJ, Alexander JH. Saphenous vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass surgery: pathophysiology, management, and future directions. Ann Surg 2013;257:824-33.
22. Angelini GD, Passani SL, Breckenridge IM, Newby AC. Nature and pressure dependence of damage induced by distension of human saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts. Cardiovasc Res 1987;21:902-7.
23. Souza D. A new no-touch preparation technique. Technical notes. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;30:41-4.
24. Souza DS, Johansson B, Bojö L, et al. Harvesting the saphenous vein with surrounding tissue for CABG provides long-term graft patency comparable to the left internal thoracic artery: results of a randomized longitudinal trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;132:373-8.
25. Souza DS, Dashwood MR, Tsui JC, et al. Improved patency in vein grafts harvested with surrounding tissue: results of a randomized study using three harvesting techniques. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:1189-95.
26. Deb S, Singh SK, de Souza D, et al. SUPERIOR SVG: no touch saphenous harvesting to improve patency following coronary bypass grafting (a multi-Centre randomized control trial, NCT01047449). J Cardiothorac Surg 2019;14:85.
27. Tian M, Wang X, Sun H, et al. No-touch versus conventional vein harvesting techniques at 12 months after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2021;144:1120-9.
28. Ragnarsson S, Janiec M, Modrau IS, et al. No-touch saphenous vein grafts in coronary artery surgery (SWEDEGRAFT): rationale and design of a multicenter, prospective, registry-based randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J 2020;224:17-24.
29. Davis Z, Jacobs HK, Zhang M, Thomas C, Castellanos Y. Endoscopic vein harvest for coronary artery bypass grafting: technique and outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:228-35.
30. Li G, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Liu Z, Zheng J. Mid-term and long-term outcomes of endoscopic versus open vein harvesting for coronary artery bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2019;72:167-73.
31. Deppe AC, Liakopoulos OJ, Choi YH, et al. Endoscopic vein harvesting for coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review with meta-analysis of 27,789 patients. J Surg Res 2013;180:114-24.
32. Kodia K, Patel S, Weber MP, et al. Graft patency after open versus endoscopic saphenous vein harvest in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018;7:586-97.
33. Woodward LC, Antoniades C, Taggart DP. Intraoperative vein graft preservation: what is the solution? Ann Thorac Surg 2016;102:1736-46.
34. Harik L, Perezgrovas-Olaria R, Soletti G Jr, et al. Graft thrombosis after coronary artery bypass surgery and current practice for prevention. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023;10:1125126.
35. Motwani JG, Topol EJ. Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft disease: pathogenesis, predisposition, and prevention. Circulation 1998;97:916-31.
36. Wan S, Arifi AA, Chan MC, et al. Differential, time-dependent effects of perivenous application of fibrin glue on medial thickening in porcine saphenous vein grafts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006;29:742-6.
37. Schoettler J, Jussli-Melchers J, Grothusen C, et al. Highly flexible nitinol mesh to encase aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts: first clinical experiences and angiographic results nine months postoperatively. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2011;13:396-400.
38. Murphy GJ, Newby AC, Jeremy JY, Baumbach A, Angelini GD. A randomized trial of an external Dacron sheath for the prevention of vein graft disease: the extent study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;134:504-5.
39. Taggart DP, Ben Gal Y, Lees B, et al. A randomized trial of external stenting for saphenous vein grafts in coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2015;99:2039-45.
40. Taggart DP, Webb CM, Desouza A, et al. Long-term performance of an external stent for saphenous vein grafts: the VEST IV trial. J Cardiothorac Surg 2018;13:117.
41. Taggart DP, Amin S, Djordjevic J, et al. A prospective study of external stenting of saphenous vein grafts to the right coronary artery: the VEST II study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2017;51:952-8.
42. Taggart DP, Gavrilov Y, Krasopoulos G, et al. External stenting and disease progression in saphenous vein grafts two years after coronary artery bypass grafting: a multicenter randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022;164:1532-41.e2.
43. Park SJ, Kim HJ, Kim JB, et al. Sequential versus individual saphenous vein grafting during coronary arterial bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2020;109:1165-73.
44. Mehta RH, Ferguson TB, Lopes RD, et al. Saphenous vein grafts with multiple versus single distal targets in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: one-year graft failure and five-year outcomes from the Project of ex-vivo vein graft engineering via transfection (PREVENT) IV trial. Circulation 2011;124:280-8.
45. Xenogiannis I, Zenati M, Bhatt DL, et al. Saphenous vein graft failure: from pathophysiology to prevention and treatment strategies. Circulation 2021;144:728-45.
46. Goldman S, Zadina K, Moritz T, et al. Long-term patency of saphenous vein and left internal mammary artery grafts after coronary artery bypass surgery: results from a department of veterans affairs cooperative study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2149-56.
47. Lorenz RL, Weber M, Kotzur J, et al. Improved aortocoronary bypass patency by low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily). Effects on platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation. Lancet 1984;323:1261-4.
48. Kulik A, Abreu AM, Boronat V, Kouchoukos NT, Ruel M. Ticagrelor versus aspirin and vein graft patency after coronary bypass: a randomized trial. J Card Surg 2022;37:563-70.
49. Kulik A, Abreu AM, Boronat V, Kouchoukos NT, Ruel M. Ticagrelor versus aspirin 2 years after coronary bypass: observational analysis from the TARGET trial. J Card Surg 2022;37:1969-77.
50. Sandner S, Redfors B, Angiolillo DJ, et al. Association of dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor with vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2022;328:554-62.
51. Solo K, Lavi S, Kabali C, et al. Antithrombotic treatment after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2019;367:l5476.
52. Lamy A, Browne A, Sheth T, et al. Skeletonized vs pedicled internal mammary artery graft harvesting in coronary artery bypass surgery: a post hoc analysis from the COMPASS trial. JAMA Cardiol 2021;6:1042-9.
53. Gaudino M, Audisio K, Rahouma M, et al. Comparison of long-term clinical outcomes of skeletonized vs pedicled internal thoracic artery harvesting techniques in the arterial revascularization trial. JAMA Cardiol 2021;6:1380-6.
54. Robinson BM, Paterson HS, Naidoo R, Dhurandhar V, Denniss AR. Bilateral internal thoracic artery composite Y grafts: analysis of 464 angiograms in 296 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2016;101:974-80.
55. Bakay C, Onan B, Korkmaz AA, Onan IS, Özkara A. Sequential in situ left internal thoracic artery grafting to the circumflex and right coronary artery areas. Ann Thorac Surg 2013;95:63-70.
56. Ohira S, Doi K, Okawa K, et al. Safety and efficacy of sequential left internal thoracic artery grafting to left circumflex area. Ann Thorac Surg 2016;102:766-73.
57. Ji Q, Shi Y, Xia L, et al. Revascularization of left coronary system using a skeletonized left internal mammary artery - sequential vs. separate grafting. Circ J 2017;82:102-9.
58. Glineur D, Rahouma M, Grau JB, et al. FFR cutoff by arterial graft configuration and location: IMPAG trial insights. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020;13:143-4.
59. Casselman FP, La Meir M, Cammu G, et al. Initial experience with an endoscopic radial artery harvesting technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;128:463-6.
60. Ferdinand FD, MacDonald JK, Balkhy HH, et al. Endoscopic conduit harvest in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: an ISMICS systematic review and consensus conference statements. Innovations 2017;12:301-19.
61. Kiaii BB, Swinamer SA, Fox SA, Stitt L, Quantz MA, Novick RJ. A prospective randomized study of endoscopic versus conventional harvesting of the radial artery. Innovations 2017;12:231-8.
62. Shapira OM, Eskenazi BR, Anter E, et al. Endoscopic versus conventional radial artery harvest for coronary artery bypass grafting: functional and histologic assessment of the conduit. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:388-94.
63. Medalion B, Tobar A, Yosibash Z, et al. Vasoreactivity and histology of the radial artery: comparison of open versus endoscopic approaches. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;34:845-9.
64. Gaudino MF, Lorusso R, Ohmes LB, et al. Open radial artery harvesting better preserves endothelial function compared to the endoscopic approach. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2019;29:561-7.
65. Rahouma M, Kamel M, Benedetto U, et al. Endoscopic versus open radial artery harvesting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled and propensity matched studies. J Card Surg 2017;32:334-41.
66. Kristic I, Lukenda J. Radial artery spasm during transradial coronary procedures. Available from: https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/jic/articles/radial-artery-spasm-during-transradial-coronary-procedures [Last accessed on 28 Nov 2023].
67. Gaudino M, Bakaeen FG, Sandner S, et al. Expert systematic review on the choice of conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting: endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2023;64:ezad163.
68. Gaudino M, Alessandrini F, Pragliola C, et al. Effect of target artery location and severity of stenosis on mid-term patency of aorta-anastomosed vs. internal thoracic artery-anastomosed radial artery grafts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004;25:424-8.
69. van Son JA, Smedts F, Vincent JG, van Lier HJ, Kubat K. Comparative anatomic studies of various arterial conduits for myocardial revascularization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990;99:703-7.
70. Yie K, Na CY, Oh SS, Kim JH, Shinn SH, Seo HJ. Angiographic results of the radial artery graft patency according to the degree of native coronary stenosis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;33:341-8.
71. Gaudino M, Tondi P, Benedetto U, et al. Radial artery as a coronary artery bypass conduit: 20-year results. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:603-10.
72. Kasahara H, Shin H, Takahashi T, Murata S, Mori M. Comparison of patency of single and sequential radial artery grafting in coronary artery bypass. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2022;34:515-22.
73. Hosono M, Murakami T, Hirai H, Sasaki Y, Suehiro S, Shibata T. The risk factor analysis for the late graft failure of radial artery graft in coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;25:32-8.
74. Nakajima H, Kobayashi J, Toda K, et al. A 10-year angiographic follow-up of competitive flow in sequential and composite arterial grafts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011;40:399-404.
75. Chardigny C, Jebara VA, Acar J, et al. Vasoreactivity of the radial artery. Comparison with the internal mammary and gastroepiploic arteries with implications for coronary artery surgery. Circulation 1993;88:II115-27.
76. Gaudino M, Glieca F, Luciani N, Alessandrini F, Possati G. Clinical and angiographic effects of chronic calcium channel blocker therapy continued beyond first postoperative year in patients with radial artery grafts: results of a prospective randomized investigation. Circulation 2001;104:I64-7.
77. Gaudino M, Luciani N, Nasso G, Salica A, Canosa C, Possati G. Is postoperative calcium channel blocker therapy needed in patients with radial artery grafts? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:532-5.
78. Miwa S, Desai N, Koyama T, Chan E, Cohen EA, Fremes SE. Radial Artery Patency Study Investigators. Radial artery angiographic string sign: clinical consequences and the role of pharmacologic therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:112-8; discussion 119.
79. Gaudino M, Benedetto U, Fremes SE, et al. Effect of calcium-channel blocker therapy on radial artery grafts after coronary bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:2299-306.
80. Bakaeen FG, Ghandour H, Ravichandren K, et al. Right internal thoracic artery patency is affected more by target choice than conduit configuration. Ann Thorac Surg 2022;114:458-66.
81. Glineur D, Hanet C, Poncelet A, et al. Comparison of bilateral internal thoracic artery revascularization using in situ or Y graft configurations: a prospective randomized clinical, functional, and angiographic midterm evaluation. Circulation 2008;118:S216-21.
82. Glineur D, Boodhwani M, Hanet C, et al. Bilateral internal thoracic artery configuration for coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2016;9:e003518.
83. Parissis H, Ramesh BC, Al-Alao B. Off-pump coronary surgery: current justifications. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014;62:660-70.
84. Sousa Uva M, Cavaco S, Oliveira AG, et al. Early graft patency after off-pump and on-pump coronary bypass surgery: a prospective randomized study. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2492-9.
85. Houlind K, Fenger-Grøn M, Holme SJ, et al. Graft patency after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is inferior even with identical heparinization protocols: results from the Danish on-pump versus off-pump randomization study (DOORS). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014;148:1812-9.e2.
86. Hattler B, Messenger JC, Shroyer AL, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is associated with worse arterial and saphenous vein graft patency and less effective revascularization: results from the Veterans affairs randomized on/off bypass (ROOBY) trial. Circulation 2012;125:2827-35.
87. Noiseux N, Stevens LM, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: graft patency assessment with coronary computed tomographic angiography: a prospective multicenter randomized controlled pilot study. J Thorac Imaging 2017;32:370-7.
88. Zhou Z, Fu G, Feng K, et al. Randomized evidence on graft patency after off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: an updated meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2022;98:106212.
89. Björklund E, Nielsen SJ, Hansson EC, et al. Secondary prevention medications after coronary artery bypass grafting and long-term survival: a population-based longitudinal study from the SWEDEHEART registry. Eur Heart J 2020;41:1653-61.
90. Kurlansky P, Herbert M, Prince S, Mack M. Coronary artery bypass graft versus percutaneous coronary intervention: meds matter: impact of adherence to medical therapy on comparative outcomes. Circulation 2016;134:1238-46.
91. Pan E, Nielsen SJ, Mennander A, et al. Statins for secondary prevention and major adverse events after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022;164:1875-86.e4.
92. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 1997;336:153-62.
93. Kulik A, Abreu AM, Boronat V, Ruel M. Intensive versus moderate statin therapy and early graft occlusion after coronary bypass surgery: the aggressive cholesterol therapy to inhibit vein graft events randomized clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;157:151-61.e1.
94. Gaudino M, Chadow D, Rahouma M, et al. Operative outcomes of women undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery in the US, 2011 to 2020. JAMA Surg 2023;158:494-502.
95. Alam M, Lee VV, Elayda MA, et al. Association of gender with morbidity and mortality after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. A propensity score matched analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:180-4.
96. Attia T, Koch CG, Houghtaling PL, Blackstone EH, Sabik EM, Sabik JF 3rd. Does a similar procedure result in similar survival for women and men undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017;153:571-9.e9.
97. Jawitz OK, Lawton JS, Thibault D, et al. Sex differences in coronary artery bypass grafting techniques: a society of thoracic surgeons database analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2022;113:1979-88.
98. Rubens FD, Wells GA, Coutinho T, Eddeen AB, Sun LY. Sex differences after coronary artery bypass grafting with a second arterial conduit. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022;163:686-95.e10.
99. Gaudino M, Samadashvili Z, Hameed I, Chikwe J, Girardi LN, Hannan EL. Differences in long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting using single vs multiple arterial grafts and the association with sex. JAMA Cardiol 2020;6:401-9.
100. Gaudino M, Bairey Merz CN, Sandner S, et al. Randomized comparison of the outcome of single versus multiple arterial grafts trial (ROMA):women-a trial dedicated to women to improve coronary bypass outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023:S0022-5223(23)00525. Online ahead of print
101. Gaudino M, Fremes SE, Mehran R, Bairey Merz CN, ROMA:Women Steering Committee and Investigators. ROMA:women: innovative approaches for the first cardiac surgery trial in women. Circulation 2023;148:1289-91.
102. Vrancic JM, Navia DO, Espinoza JC, et al. Is sex a risk factor for death in patients with bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;158:1345-53.e1.
103. Gaudino M, Di Mauro M, Fremes SE, Di Franco A. Representation of women in randomized trials in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021;10:e020513.
104. Lehtinen ML, Harik L, Soletti G, et al. Sex differences in saphenous vein graft patency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Card Surg 2022;37:4573-8.
