fig62

Figure 62. Selected video frames from 2D (A, B), continuous wave (C), and color (D, E) Doppler images, demonstrating a very small/hypoplastic right ventricle (RV) with open (A) and closed (B) tricuspid and mitral valve leaflets (not marked) in apical four chamber (A, B) views during ventricular diastole and systole, respectively. A high tricuspid regurgitation Doppler velocity (C) indicative of high RV pressure, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (D), and a right-to-left (R-to-L) shunt across the patent foramen ovale (E) are shown. The pulmonary artery is supplied by the ductus (not shown). Reproduced from Ref.^[45]. LA: Left atrium; RA: right atrium; LV: left ventricle.