fig52

Figure 52. Selected video frames from subcostal views of the atrial septum in a neonate with hypoplastic left heart syndrome demonstrating a septal aneurysm (SAnu) (A, B), turbulent flow across the patent foramen ovale (PFO) (arrow in B), and a high-velocity flow across the PFO (C). A Doppler-estimated gradient over 10 mmHg (insert in C) and turbulent flow (B) suggest a restrictive PFO. Reproduced from Ref.^[21]. LA: Left atrium; RA: right atrium.