fig64

Figure 64. Echocardiographic study in apical four-chamber views of a patient with a common atrioventricular septal defect is illustrated. The atrioventricular valve is open in (A) (small arrows) while they are closed in (B) and (C). A large ostium primum atrial septal defect (PASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD) are demonstrated in (B, C), respectively. The left atrium (LA), left ventricle (LV), right atrium (RA), and right ventricle (RV) are labeled. Reproduced from Ref.^[42].