fig19

Figure 19. Echo-Doppler studies in parasternal short-axis views of two different newborn babies imaging the main (MPA), left (LPA), and right (RPA) pulmonary arteries. Two-dimensional (A) and color Doppler (B) imaging show adequate-sized RPA and LPA (A) with laminar flow (B); these data would indicate normal branch PAs. In a different newborn baby who presented with an ejection systolic murmur heard at the left upper sternal border radiating into the axillae and back, echo-Doppler studies demonstrated turbulent flow indicated by red arrows in (C). Doppler sampling of the branch PAs showed elevated Doppler flow velocities (> 2.1 m/s) in both the branch PAs (D, E), indicating peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. This is generally considered physiologic and spontaneous resolution with time is expected. Reproduced from Ref.^[16].