fig13

Figure 13. Echo-Doppler studies in parasternal short-axis views demonstrating features of severe pulmonary stenosis. (A) Note domed pulmonary valve (DPV) (arrow) which appears dysplastic. (B) Turbulent flow (TF) starts at the pulmonary valve level (arrow) as shown by color Doppler. (C) Severe increase in the Doppler flow velocity (in excess of 5.5 m/s) by continuous wave Doppler was seen across the pulmonary valve indicting severe (critical) pulmonary stenosis. PA: Pulmonary artery; RV: right ventricle. Reproduced from Ref.^[16].